SOCIOLINGUISTIC SURVEY OF NORTHERN PAKISTAN VOLUME 5 LANGUAGES OF CHITRAL Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan Volume 1 Languages of Kohistan Volume 2 Languages of Northern Areas Volume 3 Hindko and Gujari Volume 4 Pashto, Waneci, Ormuri Volume 5 Languages of Chitral Series Editor Clare F. O’Leary, Ph.D. Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan Volume 5 Languages of Chitral Kendall D. Decker National Institute of Summer Institute Pakistani Studies of Quaid-i-Azam University Linguistics Copyright © 1992 NIPS and SIL Published by National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan and Summer Institute of Linguistics, West Eurasia Office Horsleys Green, High Wycombe, BUCKS HP14 3XL United Kingdom First published 1992 Reprinted 2004 ISBN 969-8023-15-1 Price, this volume: Rs.300/- Price, 5-volume set: Rs.1500/- To obtain copies of these volumes within Pakistan, contact: National Institute of Pakistan Studies Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan Phone: 92-51-2230791 Fax: 92-51-2230960 To obtain copies of these volumes outside of Pakistan, contact: International Academic Bookstore 7500 West Camp Wisdom Road Dallas, TX 75236, USA Phone: 1-972-708-7404 Fax: 1-972-708-7363 Internet: http://www.sil.org Email: [email protected] REFORMATTING FOR REPRINT BY R. CANDLIN. CONTENTS Preface.............................................................................................................. ix Maps................................................................................................................. xi Introduction — Clare F. O’Leary.................................................................. xv Acknowledgments ......................................................................................... xxi Chapter 1 Introduction to the languages of Chitral ..................................... 1 1. Introduction and purpose ................................................................... 1 2. A short history of linguistic studies related to the languages of Chitral........................................................................... 2 3. Methodology used for the study of the languages of Chitral ............. 3 4. Other languages spoken in Chitral................................................... 12 5. General conclusions regarding the languages of Chitral.................. 23 Chapter 2 Khowar ........................................................................................ 25 1. Introduction and purpose ................................................................. 25 2. Geographic location......................................................................... 25 3. History of study ............................................................................... 26 4. History of the people ....................................................................... 28 5. Present social factors ....................................................................... 30 6. Linguistic affiliation ........................................................................ 34 7. Reported linguistic variation of Khowar.......................................... 35 8. Relationship by lexical similarity .................................................... 36 9. Interaction with and use of neighboring languages.......................... 38 10. Second language use patterns .......................................................... 39 11. Second language proficiency........................................................... 40 12. Evidence of language vitality .......................................................... 41 13. Summary and conclusion................................................................. 42 Chapter 3 Yidgha.......................................................................................... 43 1. Introduction and purpose ................................................................. 43 2. Geographic location......................................................................... 43 3. History of study ............................................................................... 44 4. History of the people ....................................................................... 45 5. Present social factors ....................................................................... 47 6. Linguistic affiliation ........................................................................ 49 7. The related language of Munji......................................................... 50 8. Relationship of Yidgha and Munji................................................... 57 9. Interaction of Yidgha with neighboring languages.......................... 59 10. Second language use and acquisition............................................... 60 11. Second language proficiency........................................................... 63 12. Evidence of language vitality .......................................................... 63 13. Summary and conclusion................................................................. 65 Chapter 4 Phalura......................................................................................... 67 1. Introduction and purpose ................................................................. 67 2. Geographic location......................................................................... 67 3. History of study ............................................................................... 69 4. History of the people ....................................................................... 69 5. Present social factors ....................................................................... 73 6. Linguistic setting ............................................................................. 76 7. The language of Sau ........................................................................ 77 8. Relationship by lexical similarity .................................................... 79 9. Neighboring languages .................................................................... 82 10. Interactions with and use of other languages ................................... 83 11. Second language proficiency........................................................... 87 12. Marriage customs and language choice ........................................... 89 13. Attitudes toward other languages..................................................... 90 14. Use of Phalura by other language groups ........................................ 91 15. Evidence of language vitality .......................................................... 92 16. Summary and conclusion................................................................. 94 Chapter 5 Kalasha ........................................................................................ 96 1. Introduction and purpose ................................................................. 96 2. Geographic location......................................................................... 96 3. History of study ............................................................................... 97 4. History of the people ....................................................................... 97 5. Present social factors ....................................................................... 99 6. Linguistic setting ........................................................................... 103 7. Reported linguistic variation of Kalasha........................................ 104 8. Interaction with neighboring languages......................................... 106 9. Second language use patterns ........................................................ 107 10. Reported second language proficiency .......................................... 110 11. Attitudes toward their own language ............................................. 111 12. Evidence of language vitality ........................................................ 112 13. Summary and conclusion............................................................... 113 Chapter 6 Dameli ........................................................................................ 115 1. Introduction and purpose ............................................................... 115 2. Geographic location....................................................................... 115 3. History of study ............................................................................. 116 4. History of the people ..................................................................... 116 5. Demographic information.............................................................. 118 6. Linguistic affiliation ...................................................................... 119 7. Phonological variation................................................................... 121 8. Interaction with and use of neighboring languages........................ 122 9. Second language proficiency......................................................... 125 10. Evidence of language vitality ........................................................ 126 11. Summary and conclusion............................................................... 127 Chapter 7 Eastern Kativiri and Kamviri / Shekhani ............................... 129 1. Introduction and purpose ............................................................... 129 2. Eastern Kativiri.............................................................................. 130 3. Kamviri / Shekhani.......................................................................