International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda Tribunal pénal international pour le Rwanda UNITED NATIONS NATIONS UNIES OR: ENG TRIAL CHAMBER III Before: Judge Inés Mónica Weinberg de Roca, presiding Judge Khalida Rachid Khan Judge Lee Gacuiga Muthoga Registrar: Adama Dieng Date: 18 December 2008 THE PROSECUTOR v. Protais ZIGIRANYIRAZO Case No. ICTR-01-73-T JUDGEMENT Office of the Prosecutor: Wallace Kapaya Charity Kagwi-Ndungu Gina Butler Iskandar Ismail Jane Mukangira Counsel for the Accused: John Philpot Peter Zaduk The Prosecutor v. Protais Zigiranyirazo, Case No. ICTR-01-73-T TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................... 4 1. THE TRIBUNAL AND ITS JURISDICTION ....................................................................... 4 2. THE ACCUSED ............................................................................................................ 4 3. INDICTMENT ............................................................................................................... 5 4. SUMMARY OF PROCEDURAL HISTORY ........................................................................ 5 5. OVERVIEW OF THE CASE ............................................................................................ 5 CHAPTER II: FACTUAL FINDINGS ....................................................................... 7 1. PRELIMINARY MATTERS ............................................................................................. 7 1.1. Judicial Notice ..................................................................................................... 7 1.2. Pending Motions .................................................................................................. 7 1.3. Allegations on which No Evidence was Presented ............................................. 7 1.4. Alleged Defects in the Indictment ....................................................................... 8 1.4.1 Law on Defects in the Indictment ................................................................ 8 1.4.2 Meetings ...................................................................................................... 9 1.4.2.1 Meeting at Presidential Residence in Kanombe, 6 April 1994 .............. 10 1.4.2.2 Meeting at Umuganda Stadium, April 1994 .......................................... 12 1.4.2.3 Meetings at Football Field in Nyundo, April 1994 ............................... 15 1.4.2.4 Meetings in Kiyovu, mid-April 1994 .................................................... 18 1.4.2.5 Regular Meetings in Gisenyi Préfecture ............................................... 19 1.4.2.6 Meeting in Giciye, 1992 ........................................................................ 20 1.4.3 Other Defects in the Indictment ................................................................. 20 1.4.3.1 Evidence of Conspiracy to Commit Genocide ...................................... 20 1.4.3.2 Kiyovu Roadblock ................................................................................. 22 1.5. Alibi ................................................................................................................... 24 1.6. Evaluation of Evidence ...................................................................................... 24 2. THE AUTHORITY OF THE ACCUSED ........................................................................... 26 2.1. Indictment .......................................................................................................... 26 2.2. Evidence ............................................................................................................ 26 2.3. Deliberations ...................................................................................................... 27 3. THE ACCUSED AND THE INTERAHAMWE ..................................................................... 28 3.1. Introduction ....................................................................................................... 28 3.2. Involvement in the Creation of the Youth Movement ....................................... 28 3.2.1 Indictment .................................................................................................. 28 3.2.2 Evidence .................................................................................................... 28 3.2.3 Deliberations .............................................................................................. 30 3.3. Ongoing Involvement ........................................................................................ 33 3.3.1 Indictment .................................................................................................. 33 3.3.2 Evidence .................................................................................................... 33 3.3.3 Deliberations .............................................................................................. 35 4. MEETINGS WHERE ATTACKS WERE PLANNED, ORGANISED AND FACILITATED ........ 36 4.1. Introduction ....................................................................................................... 36 4.2. Meeting at Presidential Residence in Kanombe, 6 April 1994 .......................... 37 Judgement 1 18 December 2008 The Prosecutor v. Protais Zigiranyirazo, Case No. ICTR-01-73-T 4.2.1 Evidence .................................................................................................... 37 4.2.2 Deliberations .............................................................................................. 37 4.3. Meeting at Umuganda Stadium, April 1994 ...................................................... 38 4.3.1 Evidence .................................................................................................... 38 4.3.2 Deliberations .............................................................................................. 39 4.4. Meetings at Football Field in Nyundo, April 1994 ........................................... 41 4.4.1 Evidence .................................................................................................... 41 4.4.2 Deliberations .............................................................................................. 42 4.5. Meetings in Kiyovu, mid-April 1994 ................................................................ 43 4.5.1 Evidence .................................................................................................... 43 4.5.2 Deliberations .............................................................................................. 43 4.6. Regular Meetings in Gisenyi Préfecture ........................................................... 46 4.6.1 Evidence .................................................................................................... 46 4.6.2 Deliberations .............................................................................................. 46 4.7. Meeting in Giciye, 1992 .................................................................................... 47 4.7.1 Evidence .................................................................................................... 47 4.7.2 Deliberations .............................................................................................. 47 5. ROADBLOCKS ........................................................................................................... 47 5.1. Introduction ....................................................................................................... 47 5.2. Giciye Roadblock and Roadblocks in Gisenyi Generally ................................. 48 5.2.1 Indictment .................................................................................................. 48 5.2.2 Evidence .................................................................................................... 48 5.2.3 Deliberations .............................................................................................. 51 5.3. La Corniche Roadblock, Gisenyi Town ............................................................ 55 5.3.1 Indictment .................................................................................................. 55 5.3.2 Evidence .................................................................................................... 55 5.3.3 Deliberations .............................................................................................. 56 5.4. Kiyovu Roadblock ............................................................................................. 57 5.4.1 Indictment .................................................................................................. 57 5.4.2 Evidence .................................................................................................... 58 5.4.3 Deliberations .............................................................................................. 62 6. MASSACRE AT KESHO HILL ...................................................................................... 67 6.1. Indictment .......................................................................................................... 67 6.2. Evidence ............................................................................................................ 68 6.3. Deliberations ...................................................................................................... 79 7. MASSACRE AT RURUNGA HILL ................................................................................. 88 7.1. Indictment .........................................................................................................