Master’s Thesis 2020 60 ECTS Faculty of Science and Technology Varieties in discharge of nutrient from land-based aquaculture freshwater facilities: Flow-through System vs Recirculating Aquaculture System Vegard Øvstetun Flo Master of Science in Aquaculture 0 i Table of content List of figures ........................................................................................................................................... iv List of tables ............................................................................................................................................ vi Acknowledgments .................................................................................................................................. vii Abstract ................................................................................................................................................. viii Abbreviations ........................................................................................................................................... x 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Norwegian aquaculture production ........................................................................................ 1 1.2. Land-based aquaculture systems ............................................................................................ 2 1.3. Licencing of land-based aquaculture facilities ........................................................................ 4 1.4. Aim of the thesis ...................................................................................................................... 5 2. Literature and theory ...................................................................................................................... 6 2.1. Waste production in salmon ................................................................................................... 6 2.1.1. Chemical composition of salmon feed ............................................................................ 7 2.1.2. Chemical composition of salmon .................................................................................. 11 2.1.3. Chemical composition of salmon feces ......................................................................... 13 2.1.4. Waste loss to recipient, particulate and dissolved ........................................................ 14 2.2. Environmental monitoring of salmon waste ......................................................................... 15 2.2.1. Measuring methods of sludge/waste from land-based salmon farms ......................... 16 2.2.2. Emission permits ........................................................................................................... 18 2.3. Water treatment in land-based aquaculture ........................................................................ 18 2.3.1. Particle removal ............................................................................................................. 18 2.3.2. Disinfection .................................................................................................................... 19 2.3.3. pH adjustment ............................................................................................................... 20 2.3.4. Heating and cooling ....................................................................................................... 20 2.3.5. Aeration ......................................................................................................................... 21 2.3.6. Oxygen addition ............................................................................................................ 21 2.3.7. Tanks and wastewater pipe ........................................................................................... 22 2.3.8. Biofilter .......................................................................................................................... 23 2.4. Feed distribution system ....................................................................................................... 23 2.5. Sludge treatment ................................................................................................................... 24 3. Part 1: Review of Norwegian land-based aquaculture emission permits ..................................... 25 3.1. Material and method ............................................................................................................ 25 3.2. Results ................................................................................................................................... 25 i 3.3. Discussion and conclusion ..................................................................................................... 28 4. Part 2: Waste model development and comparison of waste from FTS and RAS conditions ...... 30 4.1. Material and method ............................................................................................................ 30 4.1.1. Specific growth rate, individual weight and biomass .................................................... 30 4.1.2. Feed demand and Feed Conversion Rate ...................................................................... 32 4.1.3. Mortality ........................................................................................................................ 33 4.1.4. Water and oxygen demand ........................................................................................... 34 4.1.5. Temperature regime FTS ............................................................................................... 35 4.1.6. Temperature regime RAS .............................................................................................. 36 4.1.7. Day degrees ................................................................................................................... 37 4.1.8. Mass balance estimates of C, P, and N .......................................................................... 38 4.1.9. Sludge calculation .......................................................................................................... 38 4.2. Results ................................................................................................................................... 39 4.2.1. Production time ............................................................................................................. 39 4.2.2. Correlations in the productions ..................................................................................... 39 4.2.3. Feed content variations of C, P, and N .......................................................................... 42 4.2.4. Total Mass balance of C, P, and N in the FTS and RAS productions (VØF-model) ........ 45 4.2.5. Waste production of C, P, and N ................................................................................... 48 4.2.6. Sludge generated per production in FTS and RAS ......................................................... 49 4.3. Discussion and conclusion ..................................................................................................... 50 5. Part 3: Evaluation and comparison of VØF-model and todays waste models .............................. 52 5.1. Material and methods ........................................................................................................... 52 5.1.1. Experimental setup Mathematical calculations of waste estimation models .............. 53 5.2. Results ................................................................................................................................... 55 5.2.1. Total C, P and N production in the OCG-model and NCG-model compared to the VØF- model 55 5.2.2. Purified (particle) and not purified (dissolved) waste in VØF-model compared to NCG- model 58 5.3. Discussion and conclusion ..................................................................................................... 61 6. Final conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 63 7. Future perspective ........................................................................................................................ 64 References ............................................................................................................................................. 65 Appendix 1 ............................................................................................................................................. 70 Appendix 2 ............................................................................................................................................. 71 Appendix 3 ............................................................................................................................................. 71 Appendix 4 ............................................................................................................................................. 71 ii | P a g e Appendix 5 ............................................................................................................................................. 72 Appendix 6 ............................................................................................................................................. 73 Appendix 7 ............................................................................................................................................