ecneicS retupmoC fo tnemtrapeD tnemtrapeD tnemtrapeD fo fo fo retupmoC retupmoC retupmoC ecneicS ecneicS ecneicS sa hcus smetsys noi taz inagro egdelwonK egdelwonK egdelwonK inagro inagro inagro taz taz taz noi noi noi smetsys smetsys smetsys hcus hcus hcus sa sa sa o ds r s gltodairuaseht ruaseht i ruaseht i i dna dna dna igolotno igolotno igolotno se se se era era era desu desu desu rof rof rof - o-- o t o t t l l aA l aA aA DD DD DD O ygolotn ygolotnO ygolotnO secivreS secivreS secivreS rof rof rof nitmon f y bdfiet n vorpmi vorpmi vorpmi gni gni gni eht eht eht ibadnfi ibadnfi l ibadnfi l i l i i yt yt yt fo fo fo tamrofni tamrofni tamrofni .noi .noi .noi 101 101 101 dna snoi tpi rcsed tnetnoc eht ez inomrah yehT yehT yehT inomrah inomrah inomrah ez ez ez eht eht eht tnetnoc tnetnoc tnetnoc rcsed rcsed rcsed tpi tpi tpi snoi snoi snoi dna dna dna / / / ewe n i tiliaeoen eivorp vorp vorp edi edi edi ibareporetni ibareporetni l ibareporetni l i l i i yt yt yt ni ni ni dna dna dna neewteb neewteb neewteb 7102 7102 7102 K egdelwon egdelwonK egdelwonK noitazinagrO noitazinagrO noitazinagrO usms cs mty nitamrofni tamrofni tamrofni noi noi noi smetsys smetsys , smetsys , , hcus hcus hcus sa sa sa muesum muesum muesum nen imouT nen i imouT nen nuoJ i imouT nuoJ i nuoJ .serots enilno dna ,seirarbil latigid ,snoitcelloc ,snoitcelloc ,snoitcelloc latigid latigid latigid ,seirarbil ,seirarbil ,seirarbil dna dna dna enilno enilno enilno .serots .serots .serots S smetsy smetsyS smetsyS fo esu eht etat i l icaf secivres ygolotnO ygolotnO ygolotnO secivres secivres secivres icaf icaf l icaf l i l i i etat etat etat eht eht eht esu esu esu fo fo fo ni smetsys noi taz inagro egdelwonk egdelwonk egdelwonk inagro inagro inagro taz taz taz noi noi noi smetsys smetsys smetsys ni ni ni rof sdohtem stneserp siseht sihT .snoitacilppa .snoitacilppa .snoitacilppa sihT sihT sihT siseht siseht siseht stneserp stneserp stneserp sdohtem sdohtem sdohtem rof rof rof nto rf sca gltoe e e soc soc t soc t t fe- fe- fe- cef cef t cef t i t i i ev ev ev ygolotno ygolotno ygolotno ssecca ssecca ssecca rof rof rof tnetnoc tnetnoc tnetnoc J inuo inuoJ inuoJ nenimouT nenimouT nenimouT n rhre nitmon ,srexedni srexedni , srexedni , , tamrofni tamrofni tamrofni noi noi noi srehcraes srehcraes , srehcraes , , dna dna dna .seoee o ailppa lppa lppa taci taci taci noi noi noi srepoleved srepoleved . srepoleved . ci lbup a sa dedivorp era sloot depoleved ehT ehT ehT depoleved depoleved depoleved sloot sloot sloot era era era dedivorp dedivorp dedivorp sa sa sa a a a lbup lbup lbup ci ci ci h ea cf et n eirsblgiil l l gnivi gnivi gnivi bal bal bal ,ecivres ,ecivres ,ecivres dna dna dna yeht yeht yeht icaf icaf l icaf l i l i i etat etat etat eht eht eht nrffi of egltof s uea lumis lumis lumis suoenat suoenat suoenat esu esu esu fo fo fo seigolotno seigolotno seigolotno morf morf morf id id f id f f tneref tneref tneref dna ,scimonoce ,cisum sa hcus ,sniamod ,sniamod ,sniamod hcus hcus hcus sa sa sa ,cisum ,cisum ,cisum ,scimonoce ,scimonoce ,scimonoce dna dna dna o dteepsi otmA.eu uirga rga rga luci luci luci erut erut . erut . A A A dohtem dohtem dohtem i i s i s s detneserp detneserp detneserp rof rof rof oloib senh e g ganam ganam ganam i i i gn gn gn t t t eh eh eh egnahc egnahc s egnahc s s o o o f f f b b b i i o i o o l l l go go go i i c i c a c a a l l l .yolotn n sa mnx t t t imonoxa imonoxa e imonoxa e s e s s a a a s s s na na na no no no t t o t o o l l l ygo ygo ygo . smetsyS smetsyS noi noi taz taz inagrO inagrO egdelwonK egdelwonK rof rof sec sec ivreS ivreS ygolotnO ygolotnO :ega revoC C C o o o v v v e e e r r r i i i am am am g g g e e e : : : smetsyS noi taz inagrO egdelwonK rof sec ivreS ygolotnO slevel eerht pot eht fo yhcrareih tpecnoc ehT ehT ehT tpecnoc tpecnoc tpecnoc yhcrareih yhcrareih yhcrareih fo fo fo eht eht eht pot pot pot eerht eerht eerht slevel slevel slevel ygolotno KK fo o o f f f t t h t h h e e e OKOK OKOK OKOK o o o n n n t t o t o o l l o l o o g g g y y y NSI I I NBS NBS NBS 6-6547-06-259-879 6-6547-06-259-879 6-6547-06-259-879 ( p ( ( p r p r i n r i n i t n t t de de ) de ) ) SSENISUB SSENISUB SSENISUB + + + NSI I I NBS NBS NBS 9-5547-06-259-879 9-5547-06-259-879 9-5547-06-259-879 ( ( ( dp dp f dp ) f ) f ) E E E MONOC MONOC MONOC Y Y Y L-NSI I I NSS NSS NSS - L - - L L 9971 9971 - 9971 - - 4394 4394 4394 NSI I I NSS NSS NSS 9971 9971 - 9971 - - 4394 4394 4394 ( p ( ( p r p r i n r i n i t n t t de de ) de ) ) TRA TRA TRA + + + NSI I I NSS NSS NSS 9971 9971 - 9971 - - 2494 2494 2494 ( ( ( dp dp f dp ) f ) f ) NGISED NGISED NGISED + + + HCRA HCRA HCRA I T I I T T TCE TCE TCE ERU ERU ERU ytisrevinU otlaA otlaA otlaA ytisrevinU ytisrevinU ytisrevinU ceic fo oohcS oohcS l oohcS l o l o f o f f cS cS i cS i i ecne ecne ecne ECNEICS ECNEICS ECNEICS + + + ecneicS retupmoC fo tnemtrapeD tnemtrapeD tnemtrapeD fo fo fo retupmoC retupmoC retupmoC ecneicS ecneicS ecneicS T T E T E E ONHC ONHC ONHC L L L GO GO GO Y Y Y if.otlaa.www www www . a . a . a a l a t l o t l o t . o f . i f . f i i R VOSSORC VOSSORC VOSSORC RE RE RE COD COD COD T T T RO RO RO A A A L L L +ggfeha*GMFTSH9 +ggfeha*GMFTSH9 +ggfeha*GMFTSH9 COD COD COD T T T RO RO RO A A A L L L SNOITATRESSID SNOITATRESSID SNOITATRESSID SNOITATRESSID SNOITATRESSID SNOITATRESSID otlaA otlaA otlaA ytisrevinU ytisrevinU ytisrevinU 7102 7102 7102 Aalto University publication series DOCTORAL DISSERTATIONS 101/2017 Ontology Services for Knowledge Organization Systems Jouni Tuominen A doctoral dissertation completed for the degree of Doctor of Science (Technology) to be defended, with the permission of the Aalto University School of Science, at a public examination held at the lecture hall TU1 of the school on 16 June 2017 at 12 noon. Aalto University School of Science Department of Computer Science Semantic Computing Research Group Supervising professor Eero Hyvönen Thesis advisor Eero Hyvönen Preliminary examiners Professor Vagan Terziyan, University of Jyväskylä, Finland Professor Mathieu d'Aquin, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland Opponent Professor Marcia Lei Zeng, Kent State University, United States Aalto University publication series DOCTORAL DISSERTATIONS 101/2017 © Jouni Tuominen ISBN 978-952-60-7456-6 (printed) ISBN 978-952-60-7455-9 (pdf) ISSN-L 1799-4934 ISSN 1799-4934 (printed) ISSN 1799-4942 (pdf) http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-60-7455-9 Unigrafia Oy Helsinki 2017 Finland Abstract Aalto University, P.O. Box 11000, FI-00076 Aalto www.aalto.fi Author Jouni Tuominen Name of the doctoral dissertation Ontology Services for Knowledge Organization Systems Publisher School of Science Unit Department of Computer Science Series Aalto University publication series DOCTORAL DISSERTATIONS 101/2017 Field of research Knowledge Technology Manuscript submitted 12 March 2017 Date of the defence 16 June 2017 Permission to publish granted (date) 25 April 2017 Language English Monograph Article dissertation Essay dissertation Abstract Ontologies and other knowledge organization systems, such as controlled vocabularies, can be used to enhance the findability of information. By describing the contents of documents using a shared, harmonized terminology, information systems can provide efficient search and browsing functionalities for the contents. Explicit descriptive metadata aims to solve some of the prevailing issues in full text search in many search engines, including the processing of synonyms and homonyms. The use of ontologies as domain models enables the machine-processability of contents, semantic reasoning, information integration, and other intelligent ways of processing the data. The utilization of knowledge organization systems in content indexing and information retrieval can be facilitated by providing automated tools for their efficient use. This thesis studies and presents novel methods and systems for publishing and using knowledge organization systems as ontology services. The research is conducted by designing and evaluating prototype systems that support the use of ontologies in real-life use cases. The research follows the principles of the design science and action research methodologies. The presented ONKI system provides user interface components and application programming interfaces that can be integrated into external applications to enable ontology-based workflows. The features of the system are based on analyzing the needs of the main user groups of ontologies. The common functionalities identified in ontology-based workflows include concept search, browsing, and selection. The thesis presents the Linked Open Ontology cloud approach for managing and publishing a set of interlinked ontologies in an ontology service.