Received: 23 May 2019 | Revised: 17 September 2019 | Accepted: 27 September 2019 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15260 ORIGINAL ARTICLE 11. Hernadi, E., Rohaeti, E., Rafi, M., Wahyuni, W. T., Putri, S. P., and Fukusaki, E. (2019). HPLC fingerprinting coupled with linear discriminant analysis for the detection of adulteration in Orthosiphon aristatus. Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Parasite‐mediated selection in a natural metapopulation of Technologies 42: 513-520. Daphnia magna 12. Wisman, A. P., Tamada, Y., Hirohata, S., Gomi, K., Fukusaki, E., and Shimma, S. (2020). Mapping haze-komi on rice koji grains using β-glucuronidase expressing Andrea P. Cabalzar1 | Peter D. Fields1 | Yasuhiko Kato2 | Hajime Watanabe2 | Aspergillus oryzae and mass spectrometry imaging. Journal of Bioscience and 1,3 Bioengineering 129: 296-301. Dieter Ebert 13. Heyman, B., Tulke, H., Putri, S. P., Fukusaki, E., and Büchs, J. (2020). Online 1Department of Environmental Sciences, monitoring of the respiratory quotient reveals metabolic phases during microaerobic Zoology, University of Basel, Basel, Abstract Switzerland Parasite‐mediated selection varying across time and space in metapopulations is ex‐ 2,3‐butanediol production with Bacillus licheniformis. Engineering in Life Sciences 2 Department of Biotechnology, pected to result in host local adaptation and the maintenance of genetic diversity in 20: 133-144. Division of Advance Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of disease‐related traits. However, nonadaptive processes like migration and extinction‐ 14. Umakoshi, Y., Nakano, Y., Fukuda, K., Watanabe, K., Miyawaki, I., and Fukusaki, E. Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Japan (re)colonization dynamics might interfere with adaptive evolution. Understanding 3 (2019). Automatic switching valve system to minimize variation of liquid Tvärminne Zoological Station, Tvärminne, Finland how adaptive and nonadaptive processes interact to shape genetic variability in chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry-based chiral amino acid profiling. life‐history and disease‐related traits can provide important insights into their evolu‐ Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering 128: 773-779. Correspondence Andrea P. Cabalzar, Department of tion in subdivided populations. Here we investigate signatures of spatially fluctuat‐ Environmental Sciences, Zoology, University ing, parasite‐mediated selection in a natural metapopulation of Daphnia magna. Host 15. Septiana, S., Yuliana, N. D., Bachtiar, B. M., Putri, S. P., Fukusaki, E., Laviña, W. A., of Basel, Basel, Switzerland. genotypes from infected and uninfected populations were genotyped at microsatel‐ and Wijaya, C. H. (2020). Metabolomics approach for determining potential Email: [email protected] lite markers, and phenotyped for life‐history and disease traits in common garden metabolites correlated with sensory attributes of Melaleuca cajuputi essential oil, a Funding information experiments. Combining phenotypic and genotypic data a Q –F ‐like analysis was promising flavor ingredient. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering 129: 581-587. Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur ST ST Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen conducted to test for signatures of parasite mediated selection. We observed high Forschung, Grant/Award Number: 16. Claes, B. S. R., Takeo, E., Fukusaki, E., Shimma, S., Ron M. A., and Heeren, R. M. 310030B_166677 variation within and among populations for phenotypic traits, but neither an indica‐ A. (2019). Imaging isomers on a biological surface: A review. Mass Spectrometry 8: tion of host local adaptation nor a cost of resistance. Infected populations have a A0078. higher gene diversity (Hs) than uninfected populations and Hs is strongly positively correlated with fitness. These results suggest a strong parasite effect on reducing 17. Nakano, Y., Taniguchi, M., Umakoshi, Y., Watai, D., and Fukusaki, E. (2019). High- population level inbreeding. We discuss how stochastic processes related to frequent Throughput LC-MS/MS Method for Chiral Amino Acid Analysis Without extinction‐(re)colonization dynamics as well as host and parasite migration impede Derivatization. Methods Mol. Biol. 2019. the evolution of resistance in the infected populations. We suggest that the genetic and phenotypic patterns of variation are a product of dynamic changes in the host gene pool caused by the interaction of colonization bottlenecks, inbreeding, immi‐ gration, hybrid vigor, rare host genotype advantage and parasitism. Our study high‐ lights the effect of the parasite in ameliorating the negative fitness consequences caused by the high drift load in this metapopulation. KEYWORDS Daphnia, local adaptation, metapopulation, Microsporidia, neutral evolution, QST–FST analysis, resistance 4770 | © 2019 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/mec Molecular Ecology. 2019;28:4770–4785. Reproduced from Molecular ecology (2019). doi: 10.1111/mec.15260 90 91 CABALZAR ET AL. | 4771 1 | INTRODUCTION Kawecki, 2004). In addition, variation in parasite presence or abun‐ dance can be quantified and is ubiquitous in natural populations, Environmental heterogeneity among subpopulations of the same even at small geographic scales (Goren & Ben‐Ami, 2013; Laine, species may cause divergent selection leading to patterns of local 2006; Roy & St‐Louis, 2017). In parasite‐infected populations, hosts adaptation. The ability of populations to adapt locally to prevailing are expected to evolve defence mechanisms (resistance) to avoid, environmental conditions depends on a complex interplay between reduce or tolerate parasite infection over time. However, the evo‐ directional selection, migration, and random genetic drift (Blanquart, lution of resistance is thought to come with a cost, as immune re‐ Gandon, & Nuismer, 2012; Lenormand, 2002; Pfeifer et al., 2018; sponses are energetically expensive (Carton, Nappi, & Poirie, 2005). Yeaman & Otto, 2011). Indeed, geographic scale can greatly in‐ Thus, resistance only confers a fitness advantage in the presence fluence the potential of local adaptation. Migration rate often de‐ of infection (Little & Killick, 2007; Webster & Woolhouse, 1999; creases as a function of geographic distance; thus, local adaptation Wielgoss, Bergmiller, Bischofberger, & Hall, 2016), and selection for is more expected at larger geographic scales where the distances resistance may vary over space, depending on the local risk of in‐ between local populations exceed the species' ability to disperse, fection. This would promote local adaptation at a microgeographic although fine‐scale evolution is increasingly appreciated as a source scale (Kawecki & Ebert, 2004; Lazzaro & Little, 2009), with selec‐ of phenotypic differentiation (Hämälä, Mattila, & Savolainen, 2018; tion favouring more resistant genotypes in infected populations but Hendrick et al., 2016; Moody et al., 2015; for review see Richardson, disfavouring them in uninfected populations. Urban, Bolnick, & Skelly, 2014). At smaller geographic scales, where Studies have also shown that parasites can generate and main‐ local populations are more strongly connected by migration, the tain genetic diversity in host populations, either by promoting sexual outcome of heterogeneous selection pressures is more complex reproduction via negative frequency dependent selection (Jokela, (Blanquart, Kaltz, Nuismer, & Gandon, 2013; Kawecki & Ebert, 2004; Dybdahl, & Lively, 2009), by heterozygote advantage of resistance Richardson et al., 2014). alleles (Penn, Damjanovich, & Potts, 2002), or by enhancing selec‐ In a metapopulation, local populations are subject not only to tion against genome‐wide homozygosity of recessive, deleterious gene flow but also to high population turnover. Extinction‐(re)col‐ mutations (inbreeding depression; Coltman, Pilkington, Smith, & onization dynamics often cause strong founder effects, resulting in Pemberton, 1999). This latter case, where parasites are predicted to small effective subpopulation sizes with a high sensitivity to genetic select against homozygotes, particularly affects small populations, drift and inbreeding (De Kort, Vandepitte, & Honnay, 2013; Hanski where inbreeding is high and genetic drift can lead to the random fix‐ & Gaggiotti, 2004; Lande, 1976; Slatkin, 1977; Wade & McCauley, ation of deleterious mutations (Coltman et al., 1999; Reid, Arcese, & 1988). In these cases, demographic and stochastic processes, rather Keller, 2003). While the link between inbreeding and parasite suscep‐ than adaptive evolution, might cause the spatial differentiation in tibility is well explored (King & Lively, 2012), only a few studies actually functional traits. For example, migration and genetic drift may in‐ quantify the link between infection, inbreeding, and fitness in natural terfere with adaptive divergence by either homogenizing local allele populations (but see: Coltman et al., 1999; Keller & Waller, 2002 for frequencies or by eroding genetic variation, respectively (Blanquart a review). Combining population genetic data with fitness estimates et al., 2012; Gandon, Capowiez, Dubois, Michalakis, & Olivieri, 1996; in the presence and absence of parasites facilitates insight into how Lenormand, 2002). Given this complex interplay of demographic, parasites maintain genetic variation in immune related traits as well as ecological and evolutionary processes, the study of fine‐scale genome‐wide heterozygosity in spatially structured populations. local adaptation must be an integrative one, combining population This type of study must