Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine Mykolayiv National Agrarian University A. V. Dudnik ENTOMOLOGY Lecture Mykolayiv 2016 2 UDC 632.7: 595.7 (075.8) BBK 44.6я73 D 81 Recommended scientific and methodical commission of faculty of agricultural technologies, protocol number 1 dated September 30, 2015 Reviewers: Hrabak N. H. – Professor of Ecology and Natural Resources Black Sea State University. Peter Mogila, Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Professor. Mitryasova AP – Head of Department of Environment and Natural Resources Black Sea State University. Peter Mogila, Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor. Dudnik A. V. Entomology : lecture / A. V. Dudnik. – Nikolaev : MNAU, 2016. - 89 p. In the lecture notes are considered morphology, anatomy, biology of reproduction and development, ecology and systematics of insects. In a special part contained diagnostic features, distribution within Ukraine are the most important types of harmful insects, the data on their biology, ecology and harmfulness. These accounting methods and limit the number of harmful insects. Special attention is focused on the value and protection of insects. Lecture intended for training in higher educational institutions of III - IV accreditation from the direction "Agronomics". It may be useful to plant protection specialists, agronomists farms of different ownership and management, students of postgraduate education institutions, to anyone interested in entomology. © A. V. Dudnik, 2016 © Mykolayiv National Agricultural University, 2016 3 CONTENT Introduction ................................................................................................................. 4 1. Introduction to entomology. The morphology and anatomy of insects ....................5 2. Biology of Reproduction and development of insects. Insect Ecology ..................17 3. Insect Systematics .................................................................................................. 25 4. Bahatoyidni insect pests ........................................................................................ 36 5. pests of crops and grains and products processing during storage .......................................................................................41 6. pests of legumes, technical and vegetable crops ................................................... 50 7. pests of fruit and berry crops and vines ..................................................................62 8. Limitation and monitoring of the number of insects. Value and insect protection ...............................................................................................78 List of references ........................................................................................................88 4 PREFACE Entomology - one of the main agronomic disciplines taught in the third year full-time. The purpose of discipline is to provide future specialists with the necessary knowledge of agronomy Profile of biology, ecology and systematics of major insect pests of crops. Also, special attention is paid to fundamental measures to combat harmful organisms. Lectures designed for those who know the basics of biology segmented animals at school and has a common understanding of the environmental issues. It sets out the theoretical basis of morphology, anatomy, ecology, biology of reproduction and development of insect systematics, ethology; also describes widespread pests of various crops and foods, methods of calculation, limit the number and importance of insects and their protection. Lecture on entomology help students master theoretical material on the use of phytosanitary diagnostics methods, decision-making concerning distribution and forecasting of pests justification alarm timing of protective measures, the use of economic thresholds of harmfulness. Material lectures combined eight themes. The duration of study each topic is not the same. It depends not only on the individual student, but also the degree of difficulty and the amount proposed for learning. 5 LECTURE 1. Introduction to entomology. Morphology and anatomy INSECT Question: 1. The concept of entomology. History of entomology. Sections of Entomology 2. Insect Morphology 3. Insect Anatomy 1. The concept of entomology. History of entomology. Sections of Entomology Entomology - a comprehensive science (from the Greek. Entomon - insect and logos - word, teaching), which studies the structure and the livelihoods of insects, their individual and historical development, diversity of forms on Earth distribution in time and space, the relationship with the environment and so on. At this time registered and described more than 106 species of insects. First of all studied entomology arthropods, but gradually, due to the huge number of insect species (exceeding the number of other species of animals, plants and microorganisms combined), limited class of insects; the study also other classes of arthropods was the subject of separate sciences (Arachnology - the science of arachnids, carcinology - the science of shellfish, etc.). A study of insects in rows and separated families within a fractional entomology discipline - koleopterolohiya (beetles) lepidopterology (luskrkryli) myrmecology (ants), and others. Now there are at least 1,018 separate species of insects. Each year, describing and recording over 7000 new species. Among a million species of insects harmful to man only 15,000 (1.5%). History of Entomology Entomology goes back to ancient times and cultures, especially in the context of agriculture. However, research dating back to the 16th century. Historical Review. Interest in insects originated in ancient times. Man has long faced with damage to insects and beneficial insects used. In the Assyrian cuneiform tablets and Egyptian papyri 3rd millennium BC. referred devastating locust attacks: in ancient Chinese manuscripts of this period are indications of silkworm breeding and the fight against insects - pests gardens. Proceedings of ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle (4 in. BC), which allocated among 'animals without blood "group" entoma ", containing summary of insects. However, only in the 17th century. there entomology science. Fundamentals of Labour laid the Dutch scientist J. Svammerdama on bee anatomy and development (1669), Italian scientists M. Malpighi in anatomy and development of silkworm (1686) and F. Buonanni in structure mouthparts of insects, the German scientist I. Hedarta by type of metamorphosis. In the 17th century. made the first attempt to create a system of insects. In the 18th century. there are multi erection knowledge about insects, "Memoirs of the history of insects" (v. 1-6, 1734-1742), French scientist R. Reaumur, who discovered parthenogenesis in aphids (1737); observations of insects German scientist Alexander von Rezal Rozenhofa "Memoirs of insects" (v. 1-7, 1752-1778); Swedish naturalist C. To Hesra that conducted comparative morphological studies on insect larvae. From the mid-18th century. begins studying entomofauna large areas: 6 Swedish scientist C. Linnaeus described the entomofauna of Sweden (1746, 1761), a Russian scientist PS Pallas - different provinces of Russia (especially steppe zone) (1771-1776), F. Shrank - Austria (1781), P. Rossi - Italy (1790). Works Karl Linnaeus initiated the foundations of modern taxonomy. In the "System of Nature" (10th ed., Vol. 1-2, 1758-1759) Linnaeus described 1936 species of insects, distributing them to lineages that grouped based on the structure of the wings 9 series, and introduced binary nomenclature, scientific sorting the names of species. In the 19th century. their system of insects offered British entomologists William Kirby, J. Westwood and John. Lubbock that identified several series. French entomologist Latreyl P. (1831) proposed a system in volume class, which roughly corresponds to the modern. With the work of Darwin "On the Origin of Species" (1859) of insects were built on the phylogenetic basis (Austrian scientist F. Brauer, the American scientist A. Packard and others.). Brilliant research on insect anatomy executed a French scientist L. Dufour, in metamorphosis - JA Fabre in France, in Germany A. Weismann, IA Porchynskyy, AO Kovalevsky in. Russian scientist NP Wagner discovered a type of parthenogenesis - paedogenesis (1862), AA Tikhomirov received artificial parthenogenesis in silkworms (1886); MS Ganin described a new type of Hymenoptera (1869), NV Bobretskyy established features of Diptera (1878) and NA Holodkovskyy - Orthoptera. PI Bahmetev began to study suspended animation (1897), AA Kovalevsky discovered in insects germ layers (one of the most important theoretical generalizations in embryology, 1869-1871); French zoologist P. Marchal - Polyembryony (1898); German scientist F. Graber (1897) and others have made in the construction of embryology of insects. Important research on the physiology of breathing and digestion of insects had French scientist F. Plateau (1870). Throughout the 19th century. big scientific expeditions and individual scientists (in GI Fischer von Valdheymom issuing 5 tons. "Эntomohrafyy Russia", 1820-1851; PP Semenovыm-Tyan-Shansky, NM Przhevalsky, V.Y . Roborovskiy etc.) collected materials on Entomofauna many countries and continents, and at the turn of 19-20 centuries. there were fundamental reference summary of insects in Europe ("Beetles of Russia and Western Europe" in. 1-11 vol., 1905-1915), America (40 vol. in the "Central American biology", 1879-1915) Madagascar (6 vols. in "Natural History of Madagascar,"