ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region Umroi Road, Umiam – 793 103, Meghalaya Telephone: 0364-2570257, Fax: 0364-2570355 Email: [email protected] Website: www.icarneh.ernet.in Annual Report 2012-13 Guidance Dr S.V. Ngachan Dr N.S. Azad Thakur Editorial Board Dr Satish Chandra - Chairman Dr A. Pattanayak - Member Dr R. Laha - Member Dr Anup Das - Member Dr K.P. Mohapatra - Member Dr G. Kadirvel - Member Dr M.H. Khan - Member Dr N.A. Deshmukh - Member Dr Amrita Banerjee - Member Dr T. Ramesh - Member Miss Nirmali Borthakur - Member Published by Director ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region Umiam – 793 103, Meghalaya Correct citation Annual Report 2012-13, ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam 793 103, Meghalaya Designed and printed by print21, Ambikagirinagar, R.G.Baruah Road, Guwahati - 781 024 PREFACE Consolidation, consortium and coverage are the way to success in technology development and delivery. The ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, a premier institute of ICAR, has been following this path for the last 38 years in achieving its goal to address the needs of the farmers and entrepreneurs in the technology constrained North Eastern Hill region. Food production within the region needs to be doubled to meet the demand by 2050. Rice and maize are the main food crops throughout the region. At the national level annual growth rate of rice and maize is about 1% and 1.6 %, respectively. Whereas at the north eastern region these are 1.4% and 1.2%, respectively. The horticulture sector showed encouraging growth, but growth in animal husbandry and fishery sector remained low. Therefore, the region has to go a long way to achieve food sufficiency. Increasing crop yields, rather than clearing more land for agriculture is the preferred route in this voyage. In its quest for increasing yields in agriculture and allied sectors, the Institute released nine varieties of field and horticultural crops during the reporting period and contributed several lines to the All India Coordinated programmes. Significant progress was made in standardization and application of zero tillage-based conservation agriculture, rain water harvesting and farming system development. In the animal husbandry sector, a low-cost pig housing system was developed, which not only helped to improve fattening but also reduced a number of health-related problems. The region, with its long international boundary, is at constant threat from trans-boundary diseases. The scientists of the Institute have developed competence in molecular disease diagnostics. For the first time in the country, scientists of the institute detected porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome. Changes in the temperature and rainfall pattern are major concerns for the ecologically vulnerable NE hill region. To keep pace with such changes, the Institute has already started research towards development of climate ready technologies. State of the art facilities have been developed for carrying out research under elevated temperature and carbon dioxide environment. I have the pleasure in presenting the Annual Report of the Institute for the year 2012-13, where among the others; the above activities are covered in detail. I compliment the editorial board for their effort in compiling the report. I also record my sincere thanks to the Director General, Dr S. Ayyappan; the Deputy Director General (NRM) Dr A. K. Sikka; the Ex-Deputy Director General (NRM) Dr A. K. Singh and the Assistant Director General (A & AF) Dr B. Mohan Kumar for their constant support and guidance that enabled the Institute to make the achievements presented here. (S. V. Ngachan) Director CONTENTS Sl. Contents Page No No. Executive summary (Hindi) I-IX Executive summary (English) i-vii 1. Introduction 1-9 2. Research achievements 10-207 Meghalaya 10-108 Arunachal Pradesh 109-124 Manipur 125-146 Mizoram 147-165 Nagaland 166-180 Sikkim 181-190 Tripura 191-207 3. Publications 208-227 4. List of contributors 228-229 ∑§Êÿ¸∑§Ê⁄UË ‚Ê⁄UÊ¢‡Ê ¬˝ÁÃflŒŸ (wÆvw-vx) ∑§ ÄUà •flÁœ ∑§ Œı⁄UÊŸ πÊl ∞fl¢ ∑§ ‚¢Œ÷¸ ◊¥ {ÆÆ ‚ •Áœ∑§ ¡ËŸÊ≈UÊ߸¬ ¬⁄UˡÊáÊ Á∑§∞ ª∞, ßã„¥U ¬Ê·∑§ ‚È⁄UˇÊÊ ∑§Ê äÿÊŸ ◊¥ ⁄Uπà „ÈU∞ ©Uà¬ÊŒ∑§ÃÊ ∑§Ê ’…∏UÊà „ÈU∞ ©Uëø Ãʬ◊ÊŸ ¬˝Œ‡Ê¸Ÿ yzÆ ‚. (Á⁄U∑§fl⁄UË ◊¥ |w% S¬Êß∑§‹≈U ∞∑§Ë∑Χà ŒÎÁc≈U∑§ÊáÊ ÃÕÊ Áfl∑§Ê‚‡ÊË‹ ©Uëø ©Uà¬ÊŒŸ, ¬˝ÁÃ’‹ »§Á≈¸UÁ‹≈UË) ∑§ ¬Á⁄U¬˝ˇÿ ◊¥ •Áœ∑§ ‚„UŸ‡ÊË‹ ¬ÊÿÊ ªÿÊ– ß‚∑§ ‚„UŸ‡ÊË‹ »§‚‹ ÃÕÊ ÁflÁflœ ¬‡ÊÈœŸÊ¥ ∑§ ◊Êäÿ◊ ‚ ŒˇÊ •¢Œ⁄U ‚Íπ ◊¥ ‚Á„UcáÊÈÃÊ ¬ÊÿÊ ªÿÊ– ◊Ä∑§ ◊¥ «UË∞◊•Ê⁄U xÆ{, ¬˝Ê∑ΧÁÃ∑§ ‚¢‚ÊœŸ ¬˝’¢œŸ ¬⁄U Áfl‡Ê· ’‹ ÁŒÿÊ ªÿÊ „ÒU– fl·¸ «UË∞◊•Ê⁄U xw~ ÃÕÊ «UË∞◊•Ê⁄U xxv ∑§Ê ©Uà¬ÊŒŸ ¬˝Œ‡Ê¸Ÿ ‚flʸëø wÆvw-vx ∑§ Œı⁄UÊŸ Á∑§∞ ª∞ •ŸÈ‚¢œÊŸ ∑§Êÿ¸ ∑§Ë ¬˝◊Èπ (∑§Ê’ ∑§Ê fl¡Ÿ ~.Æ ≈UŸ/„U.) ¬ÊÿÊ ªÿÊ– •ÁÃÁ⁄UÄà ¬˝Ê⁄¢UÁ÷∑§ ©U¬‹ÁéœÿÊ¥ ∑§Ê ÁŸêŸflà M§¬ ‚ ‚¢ˇÊÁ¬Ã Á∑§ÿÊ ªÿÊ „ÒU — ‹Êߟʥ ◊¥ Áflfl∑§ ◊Ä∑§Ê „UÊ߸Á’˝«U wz (|.~z ≈U./„U.) ‚flʸÁœ∑§ ©U¬¡ flÊ‹Ê ⁄U„UÊ– ‚ÊÿÊ’ËŸ ◊¥ øÊfl‹ ∑§Ë ÷Í‚Ë ∑§Ê Á¿U‹∑§Ê ∑§ ©UÁ◊ÿ◊ (◊ÈÅÿÊ‹ÿ) ‚ÊÕ ’«¸U S∑§ÊÁ⁄¢Uª ⁄UË’ã‚ ∑§Ê ¬ÁˇÊÿÊ¥ (¡¢ª‹Ë ∑§’ÍÃ⁄UÊ¥) ‚ „UÊŸ flÊ‹ ŸÈ∑§‚ÊŸ ∑§Ê ⁄UÊ∑§Ÿ ◊¥ ¬˝÷Êfl∑§Ê⁄UË ¬ÊÿÊ ªÿÊ– ‚¢ÿÊ¡Ÿ ©Uëø ÷ÍÁ◊ ∑§ ¬ÿʸfl⁄UáÊ ◊¥ ∑¥§º˝ ¬⁄UˡÊáÊ ∑§ ÄUà •Ê⁄U‚ˬË∞‹ ¬˝¡ÊÁÃÿÊ° ∞∞◊∞‚-∞◊’Ë z-v~ (ww}} Á∑§.ª˝Ê./„U.), «UË∞‚’Ë v-yvx (x.yx ≈UŸ/„UÄ≈Uÿ⁄U), •Ê⁄U‚ˬË∞‹ v-vÆx (x.wÆ v{ (w{wx Á∑§.ª˝Ê./„U.) fl ¬Ë∞‚ vy|| (wxz| Á∑§.ª˝Ê./„U.) ≈UŸ/„U.U) ÃÕÊ •Ê⁄U‚ˬË∞‹ v-}w (x.v| ≈UŸ/„U.) Ÿ ©UãŸÃ ⁄US≈U ⁄Uʪ ⁄UÊœË ¬ÊÿË ªÿË¥– «Ò¥U‚Ë ≈Ò¥U¡‹ÊM§≈U S≈UÊ∑§ ◊¥ ⁄UÊÁ¬Ã Á∑§S◊ ÷Ê‹È◊ x (w.{y ≈UŸ/„U.) ∑§Ë ÃÈ‹ŸÊ ◊¥ πÊ‚ Ãı⁄U ¬⁄U πÊ‚Ë ‚¢Ã⁄U Ÿ ‚flʸÁœ∑§ »§‹ (|w ‚¢ÅÿÊ ◊¥) ©Uà¬ÊÁŒÃ Á∑§ÿÊ, ’„UÃ⁄U ¬˝Œ‡Ê¸Ÿ ÁŒπÊÿÊ– ‚◊Áãflà ¬⁄UˡÊáÊ ∑§ ÄUà Á¡ŸÊ≈UÊßå‚ ÿÁŒ „U◊ ß‚∑§Ë ÃÈ‹ŸÊ ãÿÍ‚‹⁄U Á‚«UÁ‹¢ª ÃÕÊ ‚Ë. ª˝Ò¥Á«U‚ flË∞‹ }{Æ} (x.vz ≈U./„U.), •Ê⁄U‚ˬË∞‹ v-yvw (w.~z M§≈US≈UÊ∑§ ‚ ∑§⁄¥U– »˝§Ê¢‚Ë‚Ë ’ËŸ Ÿ ‚flʸÁœ∑§ ©Uà¬ÊŒŸ (x.zz ≈UŸ/„U.) Ÿ SÕÊŸËÿ ø∑§ ∑§Ë ÃÈ‹ŸÊ ◊¥ πÊ‚ Ãı⁄U ¬⁄U ’„UÃ⁄U ≈U./„U., ª˝ËŸ ¬Ê«U) Á∑§ÿÊ– ß‚∑§ ¬‡øÊà ◊Í¢ª»§‹Ë (w.Æ} ≈U./ ¬˝Œ‡Ê¸Ÿ Á∑§∞– ÁŸêŸ ÷ÍÁ◊ ∑§Ë ÁSÕÁÃÿÊ¥ ∑§ ÄUà •Ê⁄U‚ˬË∞‹ „U.), ÃÕÊ ⁄UÊß‚’ËŸ (Æ.zx ≈U./„U.) Ÿ ‚flʸÁœ∑§ ©Uà¬ÊŒŸ Á∑§∞, v-y{{ (z.zz ≈U./„U.) ÃÕÊ •Ê⁄U‚ˬË∞‹ v-xÆÆ (z.vw ≈U./ ¡’ „U◊ πÊ‚Ë ◊ÒŸ«UÁ⁄UÿŸ ◊¥ •¢Ã»¸§‚‹ ‚ ∑§⁄Uà „Ò¥U– ÁŸêŸ „U.) •ª˝áÊË ¬˝¡ÊÁÃÿÊ° ⁄U„Ë¥U, Á¡ã„UÊ¥Ÿ ‚fl¸üÊc∆U ø∑§Ë ∑§Ë •¬ˇÊÊ ÁøÁ‹¢ª ¬Ëø flÒ⁄UÊÿÁ≈UÿÊ¥ ◊¥ ¬Ê¢ø fl·¸ ◊¥ flÒ⁄UÊÿ≈UË ¬˝Ãʬ »§‹ ◊„Uûfl¬Íáʸ M§¬ ‚ ©Uà¬ÊŒŸ ‹Ê÷ ÁŒ∞– yz ©Uëø ÷ÍÁ◊ ∑§ ¬˝◊Èπ ©Uà¬ÊŒŸ ∑§ Á‹∞ •Áœ∑§ ©Uà∑Χc≈U ¬ÊÿÊ ªÿÊ ÃÕÊ w ◊Ë.&w ◊Ë. π¢«UÊ¥ ∑§ øÊfl‹, øÊ⁄U ©Uëø ‚Á„UcáÊÈ ÃÕÊ y ˇÊÁê˝Sà „UÊŸ flÊ‹Ê ∑§ ©Uëø ÉÊŸàfl ◊¥ ¬ıœÊ⁄UʬáÊ ∑§ ÄUà ªÈáÊflûÊÊ ∑§Ê •Ê∑§‹Ÿ ¡ËŸÊ≈UÊ߸¬ ◊¥ •ÀÿÈ◊ËÁŸÿ◊≈UÊÁÄ‚Á‚≈UË ∑§Ë ¬„UøÊŸ ∑§Ë ªß¸, Á∑§ÿÊ ªÿÊ– ≈U◊Ê≈U⁄U ∑§Ë x} ¬˝¡ÊÁÃÿÊ° ∑§ ’Ëø •Êº˝¸ÃÊ ∑§ Œ’Êfl ¡Ê ¡«∏U ‚Á„UcáÊÈ •ŸÈ∑˝§◊ÁáÊ∑§, ÃŸÊ ‚Á„UcáÊÈ •ŸÈ∑˝§◊ÁáÊ∑§Ê ÃÕÊ ∑§ ‚fl¸üÊc∆U SÃ⁄U ¬⁄U ãÿÍŸÃ◊ ¡‹ ˇÊ⁄UáÊ (Æ.xx) ÃÕÊ •Áœ∑§Ã◊ ¡«∏U/ÃŸÊ •ŸÈ¬Êà ∑§ •ÊœÊ⁄U ¬⁄U ÕÊ, ¡Ê wÆÆ ÿÍ ∞◊ ∞ÀÿÈ◊ËÁŸÿ◊ ¡«∏U ∑§Ë ‹¢’Ê߸ w|.}z ‚.◊Ë.) flË∞‹ ≈U◊Ê≈U⁄U-y ‚ Á⁄U∑§Ê«¸U ∞∞‹‚Ë∞‹ x Ã∑§ ©U÷⁄U ∑§⁄U ‚Ê◊Ÿ •ÊÿÊ– ßÿÍ⁄UÊŸ zvy ∑§Ê Á∑§ÿÊ ªÿÊ– ÁŸÿ¢òÊáÊ ∑§ ◊Œ˜ÔŒŸ¡⁄U ¡ÒÁfl∑§ M§¬ ‚ ©Uà¬ÊÁŒÃ ©Uëø ÷ÍÁ◊ ÃÕÊ ¤ÊÍ◊ ∑§Ë ÷ÊÒÁ◊∑§ ¬Á⁄UÁSÕÁÃÿÊ¥ ∑§ Á‹∞ ∞∑§ „UÀŒË ◊¥ ∑§⁄UÄÿÍÁ◊Ÿ •¢‡Ê ‚flʸÁœ∑§ ¬ÊÿÊ ªÿÊ– ‚¢÷ÊflŸÊÿÈÄà ¬˝¡ÊÁà ∑§ M§¬ ◊¥ ÁøÁã„Uà Á∑§ÿÊ ªÿÊ, Á¡‚∑§ ’ÒªŸ ÃÕÊ ≈U◊Ê≈U⁄U ‚ ŸÿÊ ÁŸ—‚⁄UáÊ Á∑§ÿÊ ªÿÊ ÃÕÊ ©UŸ◊¥ ‚ ◊Êäÿ◊ ‚ •ãŸ ∑§Ë ©U¬¡ x-x.z ≈U./„U. ∑§⁄UŸÊ ‚¢÷fl „ÒU– •Ê∆U ◊¥ ÿÍŸËfl‚¸‹ ¬˝Êß◊‚¸ |z~/|{Æ ∑§ ¬Èc≈UË∑§⁄UáÊ ∑§ ¬‡øÊà øÊfl‹ ∑§ ¬˝àÿÊ⁄UʬáÊ ∑§ ¬‡øÊà xÆ ÁŒŸÊ¥ ◊¥ Æ.z ◊.Á‹/‹Ë ∑§ •Ê⁄U. ‚Ê‹ÊŸÊ‚⁄U◊ ∑§Ê „UÊŸÊ ¬ÊÿÊ ªÿÊ– ‚flʸÁœ∑§ •Œ⁄U∑§ ©Uà¬ÊŒŸ Á„U‚Ê’ ‚ ß◊Ë«UÊÄ‹ÊÁ¬˝«U ∑§Ê Á¿U«∏U∑§Êfl S≈U◊ ’Ê⁄U⁄U (Æ.{Æ% vy.} ≈U./„U.), ãÿÍŸÃ◊ ‚Êç≈U ⁄UÊÚ≈U ‚¢∑˝§◊áÊ (vy.{%) ÃÕÊ ◊Îà „U≈¸U) ¬⁄U ¬˝÷Êfl∑§Ê⁄UË ¬ÊÿÊ ªÿÊ– ¡Òfl∑§Ë≈UŸÊ‡Ê∑§Ê¥ ◊¥ w ÁŸêŸÃ◊ ©Uà¬ÊŒŸ ˇÊÁà (x.w%) ª◊¸ ¡‹ ‡ÊÊœŸ (y|% ◊.Á‹./Á‹. ∑§Ë Œ⁄U ‚ ŸË◊ ∑§Ê ÁŸêŸ ÿ‹Ê S≈U◊ ’Ê⁄U⁄U ∑§Ë≈UÊáÊȪ˝Sà ‚¢.) xÆ Á◊. + ≈˛UÊß∑§Ê«U◊ʸ w.z Á∑§ª˝Ê/zÆ Á∑§ª˝Ê ∞»§flÊ߸∞◊ (v.~y%) ÃÕÊ øÊfl‹ ¡«∏U ◊Ê„ÍU ‚ ˇÊÁê˝Sà w.wv ‚¢ÅÿÊ ◊¥/ Á◊≈˜UÔ≈UË ◊¥ Á◊ÁüÊà ∑§⁄UŸ ¬⁄U ¬ıœÊ⁄UʬáÊ ∑§ ‚◊ÿ + ∑§Ê¬⁄U ¬ıœ ◊¥) Á⁄U∑§Ê«¸U Á∑§ÿÊ ªÿÊ– ∞Ÿ•Ê߸‚Ë•Ê⁄U∞, •Ê⁄U‚ˬË∞‹ •ÊÄ‚ËÄ‹Ê⁄UÊß«U (Æ.x%) ∑§ ◊ÎŒÊ ¬˝ÿÊÖÿ ∑§⁄U Á⁄U∑§Ê«U¸ Á∑§ÿÊ v-vx{ ÃÕÊ •Ê⁄U‚ˬË∞‹ v-vxw ∑§ •¢Ãª¸Ã Ãʬ ‚Á„UcáÊÈÃÊ ªÿÊ– I ANNUAL REPORT 2012-13 πÈ‹ flÊÃÊfl⁄UáÊ ◊¥ ©UªŸ flÊ‹ ‹ËÁ‹ÿ◊ flÒ⁄UÊÿÁ≈UÿÊ¥ ◊¥ ’˝ÈŸ‹Ê ÁŒÿÊ– ∞∑§Ë∑Χà (w|w.zw ÿÍ¡Ë/¡Ë ‚ÍπË Á◊≈˜UÔ≈UË) ∑§ ÄUà ◊¥ ‚flʸÁœ∑§ ¬ıœÊ ™¢§øÊ߸ (yw.yz ‚.◊Ë.), ¬ÁûÊÿÊ¥/¬ıœ ∑§Ë SflÊÿ‹ ◊Êß∑˝§ÊÁ’ÿ‹ ’ÊÿÊ◊Ê‚ ∑§Ê’¸Ÿ (∞‚∞◊’Ë‚Ë) ‚¢ÅÿÊ (vÆ}.ÆÆ ‚¢ÅÿÊ ◊¥) ÃÕÊ S¬Êß∑§ ‹¢’Ê߸ (yv.{z ‚.◊Ë.) ◊„Uûfl¬Íáʸ …¢Uª ‚ ©Uëø ¬ÊÿÊ ªÿÊ– ß‚∑§ ¬‡øÊà ∞»§flÊ߸∞◊ ŒπÊ ªÿÊ, ¡’Á∑§ »Í§‹Ê¥/¬ıœ ∑§Ë ‚flʸÁœ∑§ ‚¢ÅÿÊ ’˝ÈŸ‹Ê ÃÕÊ (w.{|.yy ÿÍ¡Ë/‚ÍπË Á◊≈˜UÔ≈UË) ∑§ ‚Ê‹ ∞å‹Ë∑§‡ÊŸ ∑§Ê ⁄U„UÊ– ŸflÊŸÊ ŒÊŸÊ¥ ◊¥ „UË •Áœ∑§Ã◊ ¬ÊÿÊ ªÿÊ– ‚Íπ ÿÊ ¬È⁄UÊŸ ∑§Ë≈U øÊfl‹ ∑§Ê ‚◊∑§ˇÊ ©Uà¬ÊŒŸ y ªÈŸÊ ’…∏U ªÿÊ ÃÕÊ ÁŸfl‹ Á⁄U≈UŸ¸ êÿÍÁ¡ÿ◊ Ÿ◊ÍŸ ‚ «UË∞Ÿ∞ ∑§ ÁŸ—‚⁄UáÊ ∑§ Á‹∞ ‚ÊœÊ⁄UáÊ ÃÕÊ ◊¥ ÷Ë ÁÃªÈŸË flÎÁh „ÈU߸, ÿÁŒ „U◊ ◊ÊŸÊ∑˝§ÊÁ¬¢ª flÒ‹Ë ‹Ò¥«U •Êª¸ÁŸ∑§ ŒˇÊ ø‹Ä‚ •ÊœÊÁ⁄Uà ‚¢‡ÊÊÁœÃ «UË∞Ÿ∞ ÁŸ—‚⁄UáÊ ¬˝Ê≈UÊ∑§Ê‹ »§ÊÁ◊Zª Á‚S≈U◊ ‚ ∑§⁄¥U– •Œ⁄U∑§ ∑§Ë »§‚‹ (¡Ë∞»§v) ∑§ ∑§Ê •¬ŸÊà „ÈU∞ wÆ fl·¸ ∑§ ¬È⁄UÊŸ ‚Íπ ∑§Ë≈U Ÿ◊ÍŸÊ¥ ‚ «UË∞Ÿ∞ Á‹∞ Áfl∑§Á‚à ’Êÿʕʪ¸ÁŸ∑§ Á¡‚ ∑§◊ʬ˝Ê»§ÊßÀ«U Ÿß¸ ÁŒÀ‹Ë ∑§Ê ‚»§‹ÃʬÍfl¸∑§ ÁŸ∑§Ê‹Ê ªÿÊ– ¬Ê·∑§ Ãàfl ¬˝’¢œŸ ¬˝ø‹ŸÊ¥ ÁSÕà üÊË⁄UÊ◊ ߢS≈UË≈˜UÔÿÍ≈U »§Ê⁄U ߢ«UÁS≈˛Uÿ‹ Á⁄U‚ø¸ mÊ⁄UÊ Á∑§ÿÊ ªÿÊ ∑§ ÄUà zÆ% ∞Ÿ¬Ë∑§ + ߟ-⁄UË‚Êß∑§Á‹¢ª (y.z| ≈U./„U.) ‚ „ÒU– •Ê⁄U•Ê߸ Á«U≈UÄ≈U⁄U ∑§Ê ©U¬ÿʪ ∑§⁄U ∞ø¬Ë∞‹‚Ë •äÿÿŸ ‚flʸÁœ∑§ øÊfl‹ ∑§ ©Uà¬ÊŒŸ ∑§Ê Á⁄U∑§Ê«¸U Á∑§ÿÊ ªÿÊ, ¡’Á∑§ ‚ ¬˝Êåà •Ê¢∑§«∏UÊ ŒÊ øËŸË ∑¢§¬Ê©¢U«U Á¡Ÿ∑§ ŸÊ◊ »˝§Ä≈UÊ¡ ß‚∑§ ’ÊŒ zÆ% ∞Ÿ¬Ë∑§ + flË«U ’ÊÿÊ◊Ê‚ (y.zx ≈U./„U.) ‚ (Æ.Æx%) ÃÕÊ ßŸÊÁ‚≈UÊ‹ (Æ.Æ{%) ¡Ê „U’¸‹ ∞Ä‚≈˛ÒUÄ≈˜Ô‚ Á⁄U∑§Ê«¸U Á∑§ÿÊ ªÿÊ– ¡Ë⁄UÊ Á≈U‹¡ ∑§ ÄUà SflÊÿ‹ ◊Êß∑˝§ÊÁ’ÿ‹ ◊¥ ¬Ê∞ ª∞– ’ÊÿÊ◊Ê‚ ∑§Ê’¸Ÿ (∞‚∞◊’Ë∞‚) ∑§Ê ◊„Uûfl¬Íáʸ …¢Uª ‚ ©Uëø Œ‹Œ‹Ë ÷ÍÁ◊ ∑§ ©U∆U ÷Í÷ʪ ¬⁄U ◊¢Íª»§‹Ë ∑§ ‚¢’¢œ ◊¥ ¬ÊÿÊ ªÿÊ– Á◊≈˜UÔ≈UË ¬˝ÁÃ⁄UÊœ ¡«U≈UË ∑§ ÄUà ãÿÍŸÃ◊ ÃÕÊ ‚Ë≈UË ©Uà¬ÊŒŸ ‚◊∑§ˇÊ ©U¬¡ (¡ËflÊ߸flÊ߸) ‚flʸÁœ∑§ (v{.wz ≈U./ ∑§ ÄUà •Áœ∑§Ã◊ ¡Ê Á∑§ ‚÷Ë ª„U⁄UÊßÿÊ¥ ◊¥ ÕÊ, ¬ÊÿÊ ªÿÊ– „U.) ⁄U„UÊ– ◊Í¢ª»§‹Ë ∑§ ‚ÊÕ ≈U◊Ê≈U⁄U ∑§Ë »§‚‹Ë ¬˝áÊÊ‹Ë ∑§ ©UìÊ ÷ÍÁ◊ ∑§Ë Á◊≈˜UÔ≈UË ◊¥ ߟÁ»§À≈U⁄U‡ÊŸ Œ⁄U ©Uëø ÕÊ, ¡Ê ∑¢§¡⁄Ufl‡ÊŸ ¬‡øÊà ªÊ¡⁄U (vzy.~Æ ≈U./„U.) ©Uà¬ÊÁŒÃ Á∑§ÿÊ ªÿÊ– •¢Ã»¸§‚‹ Á≈U‹¡ + zÆ% ∞¬Ë∑§ + ߟ - ‚Ë≈ÈU ⁄UÁ‚«U ¬Ê·áÊ ¬˝’¢œŸ ¬˝áÊÊ‹Ë ∑§ ÄUà •Áœ∑§Ã◊ ©U¬¡ »Í§‹ªÊ÷Ë + ◊≈U⁄U (v—v) w.}Æ) ∞◊∞◊/Á◊Ÿ.) ∑§ ÄUà ÕÊ– ©U‚∑§ ¬‡øÊà zÆ% ©Uà¬ÊÁŒÃ Á∑§ÿÊ ªÿÊ, Á¡‚∑§ ¬‡øÊà »Í§‹ªÊ÷Ë + »Í§‹ªÊ÷Ë + ∞Ÿ¬Ë∑§ + „UÁ⁄Uà ¬ûÊ ∑§Ë πÊl (w.|x ∞◊∞◊/Á◊Ÿ.) ÕÊ– ◊ÕË (v.xz ≈U./„U.) ∑§Ê ©Uà¬ÊÁŒÃ Á∑§ÿÊ ªÿÊ– ÁŸêŸÃ◊ »Í§‹ªÊ÷Ë ◊ÀøË¥ª ∑§Ê Á⁄U∑§Ê«¸U ÁŸêŸ ÷ÍÁ◊ ¬˝ÁÃ⁄UÊœ∑§ (vyyy.y ∑§¬Ë∞) + ªÊ¡⁄U ™§¬⁄UË ÷ÍÁ◊ ◊¥ ©Uà¬ÊÁŒÃ Á∑§ÿÊ ªÿÊ– ‚⁄U‚Ê¥ ∑§Ê ’Ë¡ ¬ÊÿÊ ªÿÊ, ß‚∑§ ¬‡øÊà wÆ ‚¢.◊Ë.