20 Yu.N. Sundukov SUBORDER SYMPHYTA – SAWFLIES Subfamily MACROXYELINAE AND WOOD WASPS MEGAXYELA Ashmead, 1898 (Odontophyes Konow, YU.N. SUNDUKOV 1899; Megaloxyela Schulz, 1906; Paraxyela Mac- Gillivray, 1912). The larvae feed on the Juglanda- Sawflies are distinguished from otherHymenoptera ceae. Type species Xyela major Cresson, 1880. by the anterior margin of the tergum 1, which appears The genus is distributed in East Palaearctic and as part of abdomen rather than thorax, though it is Nearctic region. Number of species: World – 11; fused to the postnotum of the metathorax. The sub- Palaearctic – 6; Russia – 2. order is distributed worldwide. Number of recent taxa: World – 15 familes, 45 subfamilies, about 650 genera, Megaxyela gigantea Mocsàry, 1909 (M. mikado Sato, about 8250 species; Palaearctic – 13/24/>310/about 1930). Host plant: Juglans mandshurica Maxim., 4400; Russia – 13/22/170/1546. J. ailanthifolia Carr., J. regia L. (Juglandaceae). The classification used here reflects classification, Russia: FE (KH, PR). – Korean Peninsula. derived from the “World catalog of Symphyta” (Taeger Megaxyela pulchra Blank, Shinohara et Sundukov, et al., 2010), taking into account the latest taxonomic 2017. Host plant: Juglans mandshurica Maxim., changes (see the list of references). ?J. ailanthifolia Carr., ?J. regia L., ?Pterocarya spp. (Juglandaceae). Russia: FE (PR). – China (NE, WP, INFRAORDER XYELOMORPHA SE), Korean Peninsula. SUPERFAMILY XYELOIDEA Subfamily XYELINAE One family: Xyelidae. PLERONEURA Konow, 1897 (Manoxyela Ashmead, 1898). T y p e s p e c i e s Xyela dahli Hartig, 1837. 1. FAMILY XYELIDAE The larvae of species bores in the shoot of Abies and Picea (Pinaceae). The genus is distributed in Xyelidae is the earliest known family of Hyme- the Holarctic and Neotropical regions. Number of noptera according to the fossil record, with the old- species: World – 12; Palaearctic – 7; Russia – 3. est members dating from the Early Triassic some Pleroneura dahlii (Hartig, 1837) [Xyela]. Host plant: 220 million years ago (Blank, 2002b). Xyelidae is a Abies spp. (Pinaceae). Russia: EP (NC). – Europe small family of herbivorous wasps. These are small (WE, EE). (Xyelinae) or medium sized (Macroxyelinae) insects Pleroneura piceae Shinohara et Hara, 1995. Host (3–17 mm). Characterized by very long 3th antennal plant: Picea glehnii Schmidt (Pinaceae). Russia: segment (actually formed by fusion of at least 8 seg- FE (KU). – Japan (Hok). ments) surmounted by a slender filament of 9 or more Pleroneura subulata Shinohara, 1995. Russia: FE tiny segments. The larvae of subfamily Xyelinae live (KH, PR). – Korean Peninsula, Japan (Hon, Shi). in the male cones of pines (Pinus spp.), where they feed on the sporophylls, or bores in the shoots of conifers XYELA Dalman, 1819 (Pinicola Brébisson, 1818; (Abies, Picea). Larvae of Macroxyelinae – in the in- Mastigocerus Latreille, 1818; Tritikreion Schil- florescences of deciduous trees. ling, 1826; Mastigocera Berthold, 1827; Pinicolites The family is distributed in the Holarctic, Oriental Meunier, 1920; Neoxyela Curran, 1923; Xyela- and Neotropical regions, mainly in their temperate tana Benson, 1938; Mesoxyela Rasnitsyn, 1965; zone. Number of recent taxa: World – 2 subfamiles, Magnixyela Rasnitsyn, 1971; Alpigenixyela Rasnit- 8 genera, about 85 species; Palaearctic – 2/4/> 40; syn, 1971; Desertixyela Rasnitsyn, 1971; Conca- Russia – 2/3/13. vixyela Rasnitsyn, 1971; Linsleyixyela Rasnitsyn, R e f e r e n c e s. Gussakovskij, 1935; Rasnitsyn, 1971; Minorixyela Rasnitsyn, 1971). Ty p e s p e - 1965; Shinohara, 1992b, 1995; Blank et al., 2005, 2013, cies Xyela pusilla Dalman, 1819. The larvae of 2017; Taeger et al., 2006, 2010; Sundukov, Lelej, 2012; most species live in the male cones of pines (Pina- Vasilenko, Korshunov, 2012; Kostyunin, 2015; Sun- ceae) where they feed on the sporophylls. The dukov, 2015. genus is distributed in the Holarctic, Oriental and 1. Family Xyelidae 21 Neotropical regions. Number of species: World – Xyela longula Dalman, 1819 (X. piliserra C.G. Thom- near 50; Palaearctic – 29; Russia – 8. son, 1871). Host plant: Pinus sylvestris L. (Pina- ceae). Russia: EP (NW, C). – Europe (WE, NE, EE). Xyela julii (Brébisson, 1818) [Pinicola] (X. pusilla Dal- Xyela pumilae Blank et Shinohara, 2013. Host plant: man, 1819; X. henschii Mocsáry, 1912). Host plant: Pinus pumila Pall. (Pinaceae). Russia: FE (KU). – Pinus nigra Arnold, P. rotundata Link, P. sylvestris Japan (Hok). L. (Pinaceae). Russia: EP (N, NW, C), WS (KM, Xyela rasnitsyni Blank et Shinohara, 2013. Host AL), ES (IR). – Europe (WE, NE, SE, EE), Georgia, plant: Pinus koraiensis Sieb. (Pinaceae). Russia: Turkey, Mongolia. FE (PR). – China (NE), Korean Peninsula. Xyela kamtshatica Gussakovskij, 1935. Host plant: Xyela sibirica Blank, 2013. Host plant: Pinus sibirica Pinus pumila Pall. (Pinaceae). Russia: FE (KA). – Du Tour (Pinaceae). Russia: WS (KM), ES (KR, Japan (Hok, Hon). IR). – Mongolia. Xyela koraiensis Blank et Shinohara, 2013. Host Xyela ussuriensis Rasnitsyn, 1965 (X. suwonae Ryu plant: Pinus koraiensis Sieb. (Pinaceae). Russia: et Lee, 1992). Host plant: Pinus koraiensis Sieb. FE (PR). – Korean Peninsula. (Pinaceae). Russia: FE (PR). – Korean Peninsula. 22 Yu.N. Sundukov INFRAORDER TENTHREDINOMORPHA 2009, 2011b, 2013, 2015, 2017; Koch, Goergen, 2008; Roller, Haris, 2008; Humala, Polevoi, 2009; Schedl, SUPERFAMILY TENTHREDINOIDEA 2009a; Shinohara et al., 2009, 2011; Sundukov, Lelej, 2009, 2012; Blank et al., 2011, 2014; Taeger, Blank, 2011; Head usually open without hypostomal bridge. Pro- Artokhin et al., 2012; Macek, 2012; Vasilenko, Kor- notum very short medially and strongly emarginate shunov, 2012; Beneš, 2014b; Beneš, Holuša, 2015; Choi behind; mesopleura with epimeron divided into upper et al., 2015, 2016; Kostyunin, 2015; Noblecourt, 2016. convex and lower concave portion; mesosternum trap- ezoidal without presternal bridge and sutures often Subfamily ARGINAE obsolete. Male genitalia strophandrious; female saw- sheath usually abbreviated, but sometimes exserted. ARGE Schrank, 1802 (Cryptus Jurine, 1801; Hylo- The larvae are polypodous or oligopodous. toma Latreille, 1803; Corynia Labram et Imhoff, The superfamily is distributed worldwide. Number 1836; Acanthoptenos Ashmead, 1898; Bathyblepta of taxa: World – 7 families, 33 subfamilies, > 550 gen- Konow, 1906; Didocha Konow, 1907; Miocephala era, > 7300 species; Palaearctic – 6/15/> 250/about Konow, 1907; Calarge Enslin, 1911; Alloscenia End- 4000; Russia – 6/13/134/1318 (+ 34 ssp.). erlein, 1919; Rhopalospiria Enderlein, 1919; Fri- valdszkyiformis Ermolenko, 1975; Ochropusiformis 2. FAMILY ARGIDAE Ermolenko, 1975; Paganiformis Ermolenko, 1975; Melanochroiformis Ermolenko, 1975; Pleuriticifor- Slow, heavily built insects. Distinguished from all mis Ermolenko, 1975; Ustilatiformis Ermolenko, other families by the flagellum of its antenna being 1975; Rusticiformis Ermolenko, 1975; Berberidisi- fused into a single long segment; this segment is sub- formis Ermolenko, 1975). Ty p e s p e c i e s Ten- clavate in the female, but in the male is either uniform thredo enodis Linnaeus, 1767. The larvae feed on in thickness with a brush of short setae below (Ar- the Rosaceae, Salicaceae, Betulaceae. The genus is ginae), or bifid like a tuning-fork (Sterictophorinae). distributed worldwide. Number of species: World – Fore wing with vein 2r absent. Cenchri very large. > 350; Palaearctic – about 170; Russia – 55. Tibiae with or without preapical spines; front tibia Arge altaica Gussakovskij, 1935. Russia: WS (AL). – with two unmodified apical spurs. The larvae are free Korean Peninsula. feeding, polypodous, with 6-8 pairs of abdominal legs; Arge aurata (Zaddach, 1864) [Hylotoma]. Russia: EP they feed predominantly on the leaves of various trees (NC). – Caucasus, Turkey, Syria. and shrubs. Arge auripennis Konow, 1891 (Hylotoma graeffei The family is distributed worldwide. Number of Kriechbaumer, 1892). Russia: EP (NC). – Europe taxa: World – 6 subfamiles, 60 genera, about 920 species; (EE), Caucasus, Turkey, Syria. Palaearctic – 3/17/about 310; Russia – 2/7/88 (+ 2 ssp.). Arge azhendarovensis Vasilenko, 2010. Russia: WS References. Zaddach, 1859; André, 1881; Dalla (KM). Torre, 1894; Jakovlev, 1900; Konow, 1902b; Dovnar- Arge beckeri Tournier, 1889 (Hylotoma rufescens Zapolskij, 1926, 1930; Kuznetzov-Ugamskij, 1927; Ta- Zaddach, 1864; H. pallipes Kriechbaumer, 1892; keuchi, 1927, 1932; Gussakovskij, 1935; Zhelochovtsev, H. pallidipes Dalla Torre, 1894). Russia: EP (S, NC, 1939, 1976, 1988; Stroganova, 1966, 1970, 1978a; Muche, CR). – Europe (EE, SE), Turkey. 1972, 1977; Verzhutskii, 1973, 1974, 1981; Ermolenko, Arge berberidis Schrank, 1802 (Tenthredo xanthopyga 1975, 1976, 1984; Zhelochovtsev, Prochorova, 1976; Vallot, 1836). Host plant: Berberis spp. (Berberida- Koch, 1982, 1988a; Liston, 1992, 1995; Zhelochovtsev, ceae). Russia: EP (C, S, NC, CR). – Europe (WE, Zinovjev, 1992, 1995; Pesarini et al., 1995; Blank, 1996; EE, SE), Caucasus, Turkey, Japan (Hok). Blank, Taeger, 1998a,b; Wen et al., 1998; Wei, Wen, Arge captiva (F. Smith, 1874) [Hylotoma] (Hylotoma 2002; Vasilenko, 2004, 2009a, 2010b,c; Vikberg, 2004; flavicollis Cameron, 1876; Arge sanguinolenta Moc- Taeger, 2005; Vasilenko, Dolgov, 2005; Hara, Shinohara, sáry, 1909; A. kolthoffi Forsius, 1927; A. captiva 2006, 2008, 2012, 2014; Kajmuk, Popov, 2006; Liston rufoscutellata Takeuchi, 1927; A. captiva watana- et al., 2006, 2014a; Taeger et al., 2006, 2010; Wei et bei Takeuchi, 1932). Host plant: Ulmus spp. (Ulma-