Draft Environmental Impact Statement / Overseas Environmental Impact Statement GUAM AND CNMI MILITARY RELOCATION Relocating Marines from Okinawa, Visiting Aircraft Carrier Berthing, and Army Air and Missile Defense Task Force Volume 7: Potential Mitigation, Preferred Alternatives’ Impacts, and Cumulative Impacts November 2009 Comments may be submitted to: Joint Guam Program Office c/o Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Pacific Attn: Guam Program Management Office 258 Makalapa Drive, Suite 100 Pearl Harbor, HI 96860 This Page Intentionally Left Blank. Guam and CNMI Military Relocation Draft EIS/OEIS (November 2009) Guam and CNMI Military Relocation EIS/OEIS Volume 7: Potential Mitigation, Preferred Alternatives’ Impacts, and Cumulative Impacts Table of Contents CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 1-1 1.1 PREFERRED ALTERNATIVES ................................................................................................... 1-2 1.1.1 Geographic Boundary................................................................................................ 1-2 1.1.2 Guam Preferred Alternatives ..................................................................................... 1-2 1.1.3 Tinian Preferred Alternative ...................................................................................... 1-3 1.2 NO ACTION ............................................................................................................................. 1-6 1.3 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE - GUAM ........................................................................................ 1-6 1.3.1 Location and Brief Social History ............................................................................. 1-6 1.3.2 Guam Today .............................................................................................................. 1-6 1.3.3 Historical Events with Potential to Affect Guam ...................................................... 1-7 1.3.3.1 Key Natural Events and Occurrences Affecting the Ecology of Guam ......................................................................................................... 1-7 1.3.3.2 Key Anthropogenic Events Affecting the Ecology of Guam .................. 1-13 1.4 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE - TINIAN ..................................................................................... 1-14 1.4.1 Location and Brief History ...................................................................................... 1-14 1.4.2 Tinian Today ........................................................................................................... 1-14 1.4.3 Historical Events and Occurrences Affecting the Ecology of Tinian ..................... 1-14 1.4.3.1 Key Natural Events .................................................................................. 1-14 1.4.3.2 Key Anthropogenic Events Affecting the Ecology of Tinian .................. 1-16 CHAPTER 2. OVERVIEW OF BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND MITIGATION MEASURES ................................................................................................................... 2-1 2.1 BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES (BMPS) ON GUAM AND TINIAN ......................................... 2-1 2.2 POTENTIAL MITIGATION ON GUAM AND TINIAN ................................................................. 2-20 2.3 APPLICATION OF ADAPTIVE TECHNIQUES TO MITIGATION ................................................. 2-30 2.3.1 Traditional Adaptive Management (Terrestrial/Marine Resources) ....................... 2-30 2.3.2 Adaptive Management Techniques for Other Resource Areas Sensitive to Construction Tempo .............................................................................................. 2-31 2.3.3 Power ....................................................................................................................... 2-35 2.3.3.1 Projected Supply and Demand ................................................................. 2-35 2.3.3.2 Projecting Tipping Point(s) and Action Point(s) ..................................... 2-38 2.3.3.3 Potential Impacts and Mitigation ............................................................. 2-38 2.3.4 Potable Water .......................................................................................................... 2-38 2.3.4.1 Projected Supply and Demand ................................................................. 2-39 2.3.4.2 Projecting Tipping Point(s) and Action Point(s) ..................................... 2-43 2.3.4.3 Potential Impacts and Mitigation ............................................................. 2-44 2.3.5 Wastewater .............................................................................................................. 2-46 2.3.5.1 Projected Supply and Demand ................................................................. 2-47 VOLUME 7: MITIGATION, SUMMARY IMPACTS, CUMULATIVE i Guam and CNMI Military Relocation Draft EIS/OEIS (November 2009) 2.3.5.2 Projecting Tipping Point(s) and Action Point(s) ..................................... 2-47 2.3.5.3 Potential Impacts and Mitigation ............................................................. 2-48 2.3.6 Air Quality ............................................................................................................... 2-49 2.3.6.1 Background .............................................................................................. 2-49 2.3.6.2 Summary of Preferred Alternatives Air Impacts ..................................... 2-52 2.3.6.3 Projecting Tipping Point(s) and Action Point(s) ..................................... 2-52 2.3.6.4 Potential Impacts and Mitigation ............................................................. 2-53 2.4 POTENTIAL BENEFITS TO OTHER RESOURCE AREAS NOT AS SENSITIVE TO CONSTRUCTION TEMPO ..................................................................................................... 2-54 2.4.1 Geological and Soil Resources ................................................................................ 2-54 2.4.2 Water Resources ...................................................................................................... 2-54 2.4.3 Noise........................................................................................................................ 2-55 2.4.4 Airspace ................................................................................................................... 2-55 2.4.5 Land and Submerged Land Use .............................................................................. 2-55 2.4.6 Recreational Resources ........................................................................................... 2-55 2.4.7 Terrestrial Biological Resources ............................................................................. 2-56 2.4.8 Marine Biological Resources .................................................................................. 2-56 2.4.9 Cultural Resources .................................................................................................. 2-56 2.4.10 Visual Resources ..................................................................................................... 2-56 2.4.11 Traffic and Marine Transportation .......................................................................... 2-56 2.4.12 Solid Waste ............................................................................................................. 2-57 2.4.13 Socioeconomics ....................................................................................................... 2-57 2.4.14 Hazardous Material/Waste ...................................................................................... 2-57 2.4.15 Public Health and Safety ......................................................................................... 2-58 2.4.16 Environmental Justice and Protection of Children .................................................. 2-58 CHAPTER 3. PREFERRED ALTERNATIVES: SUMMARY OF IMPACTS ............................... 3-1 3.1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................... 3-1 3.2 PREFERRED ALTERNATIVES’ DEFINITION .............................................................................. 3-1 3.3 PREFERRED ALTERNATIVES’ IMPACTS COMPARED TO NO ACTION ...................................... 3-1 3.3.1 Methodology ............................................................................................................. 3-1 3.3.2 Geological and Soil Resources .................................................................................. 3-3 3.3.2.1 Summary of Preferred Alternatives’ Impacts ............................................ 3-3 3.3.2.2 No Action .................................................................................................. 3-4 3.3.2.3 Comparison of Preferred Alternatives to No Action ................................. 3-5 3.3.3 Water Resources ........................................................................................................ 3-5 3.3.3.1 Summary of Preferred Alternatives’ Impacts ............................................ 3-5 3.3.3.2 No Action .................................................................................................. 3-8 3.3.3.3 Comparison of Preferred Alternatives to No Action ................................. 3-9 3.3.4 Air Quality ................................................................................................................