RESEARCH ON TRAIN STATION ARCHITECTURE DESIGN METHOD BASED ON CLIMATE RESPONSE A DARCH PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI‘I AT MĀNOA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF ARCHITECTURE April 2021 By An Guo DArch Committee: Martin Despang Willian Chapman Nathan Toothman Keywords: Climate response, Train station architecture, Design method ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I want to express the most profound appreciation to my committee for their continued support and encouragement. Many thanks to my committee chair, Professor Martin Despang, who met me on time every week and brought me countless academic surprises. Under his guidance, I was exposed to international frontier research and rich professional practice, broadening my horizon. My study and practice of climate-responsive architecture have gone from initial ignorance to a deeper understanding. From him, I feel the image of an excellent architect, professor, and scholar, who has endless enthusiasm for professional fields and new challenges. His constant guidance and support gave me the confidence and perseverance to finish the thesis. Thanks to my committee members, Professor William Chapman and Nathan Toothman, who gave me many inspiring comments. I offer my sincere appreciation for the opportunity provided by the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa School of Architecture and Tongji University College of Architecture and Urban Planning to join the Global Track dual degree program. Thanks to Professor Clark Llewellyn, Professor Yiru Huang, Vanessa Works. Although the COVID-19 epidemic changed many of our plans, we have successfully weathered the difficulties. Finally, I would like to thank my family for supporting my ideas, respecting my choices, and letting me fly, from the time I left home at the age of 11 to the time I am about to finish my education. During the writing period, my father helped me analyze the crux of the paper from the perspective of a Chinese teacher, and my mother always reminded me to pay attention to the deadline. I would also like to thank my girlfriend and her family for their selfless care in my life and emotions, making me feel at home here in Shanghai. I ABSTRACT Climate is called "the only nature that has not been artificially created". With the acceleration of globalization, the convergence of buildings in different regions is increasingly apparent. When we retrospect to the regionality of buildings, the local climate with which the buildings are born becomes a crucial environmental clue. This paper explores the potential of architecture response to local climate from the dimensions of design strategy and integrated design. It takes the train station as an example to analyze the methods of climate-responsive design. The thesis is mainly divided into six chapters: The first chapter puts forward the research background and problems, comprehensively analyzes the development and research status of climate-responsive architecture, clarifies the research objectives, and constructs the framework. Based on historical theory and practical cases, the second chapter analyzes the evolution of climate-responsive concepts and practices from three periods: traditional architecture, modern architecture, and contemporary architecture. The third chapter discusses the principle of climate-responsive architecture design, analyzes human comfort and energy demand, and energy transformation in climate from the perspective of energy, and then puts forward climate-responsive design strategy based on architectural system (structure, skin, equipment). Finally, it puts forward that integrated design is the key to strategy application. The fourth chapter analyzes the case of the train station and summarizes its regularity based on climate response. Firstly, the four periods of railway station building development II are briefly summarized. Then the global climate is simplified into four climatic regions: hot-humid, hot-dry, temperate and cold. Finally, the corresponding design strategies of different climate zones are analyzed. The fifth chapter takes Chongming Train Station as an example to analyze how to apply climate-responsive design strategy and integrated design method in practice to realize the combination of architectural performance and aesthetics. Chapter six concludes and puts forward the prospect. Climate-responsive design is based on the principle of energy flow. It analyzes the stable regional physical conditions, such as wind, sunshine, and air temperature, with scientific methods and realizes it through appropriate design strategies and highly integrated design. Nowadays, with increasing attention to sustainability and energy, climate-responsive design provides a new perspective and development trend for contemporary architecture. Key Words: Climate Response; Train Station Architecture; Design Method III CONTENT ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ..................................................................................................................... I ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................................... II CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Research background and problems .......................................................................................... 1 1.1.1 Contemporary architecture is often disconnected from its climatic environment .......... 1 1.1.2 Mismatch and abuse of green building technology ........................................................ 4 1.1.3 Train station consumes a massive amount of energy ..................................................... 6 1.2 Research purposes ..................................................................................................................... 7 1.3 Definition of related concepts and research scope .................................................................... 8 1.3.1 Two Important Concepts ................................................................................................ 8 1.3.2 Scope of research ........................................................................................................... 9 1.4 Literature review ..................................................................................................................... 12 1.5 Research significance .............................................................................................................. 18 1.6 Research method ..................................................................................................................... 20 1.7 Research framework ............................................................................................................... 22 CHAPTER 2 HISTORY OF CLIMATE-RESPONSIVE ARCHITECTURE ................................. 23 2.1 Traditional architecture response to climate ............................................................................ 24 2.2 Climate rejection and climate response of architecture in the modernist period ..................... 32 2.2.1 Climate rejection .......................................................................................................... 32 2.2.2 Climate response .......................................................................................................... 34 2.2.3 Vladimir Ossipoff's practice of Hawaiian modern architecture ................................... 41 2.3 Contemporary Architecture Embracing Climate ..................................................................... 53 2.3.1 The Rise of Environmental Awareness and Sustainability ........................................... 54 2.3.2 Reflection on the single visual thinking in architecture ............................................... 54 2.3.3 Climate has become an important topic in contemporary architecture ........................ 55 CHAPTER 3 PRINCIPLES OF CLIMATE-RESPONSIVE DESIGN IN ARCHITECTURE ....... 61 3.1 Interaction of climate, body and architecture .......................................................................... 61 3.2 Human Comfort and Energy Demand ..................................................................................... 64 3.2.1 The complexity of indoor environmental quality ......................................................... 64 3.2.2 The Importance of Thermal Comfort ........................................................................... 67 3.2.3 The energy needed to maintain comfort ....................................................................... 70 3.3 Energy Transformation in Climate .......................................................................................... 71 3.4 Building as the intermediary of energy ................................................................................... 80 3.4.1 Structure ....................................................................................................................... 81 3.4.2 Skin .............................................................................................................................. 82 3.4.3 Equipment .................................................................................................................... 84 3.5 Design strategy and integrated design of climate-responsive architecture .............................. 85 3.5.1 Climate determines design strategy .............................................................................