CENTRAL VALLEY SALINITY ALTERNATIVES FOR LONG-TERM SUSTAINABILITY (CV–SALTS) Strategic Salt Accumulation Land and Transportation Study (SSALTS) Draft Final Phase 2 Report – Development of Potential Salt Management Strategies S e p t e m b e r 2014 Prepared for SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY DRAINAGE AUTHORITY Submitted by CDM SMITH This page is intentionally left blank Table of Contents (continued) Table of Contents Section 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................... 1-1 1.1 Project Purpose ............................................................................................................................................................ 1-1 1.2 Phase 1 SSALTs Archetype Study Areas ............................................................................................................ 1-1 1.3 Phase 2 Scope of Work .............................................................................................................................................. 1-6 Section 2 Salt Balance ................................................................................................................................................... 2-1 2.1 Regulatory and Compliance Goals ........................................................................................................................ 2-1 2.2 Estimates of Salt Accumulation and Salt Extraction .................................................................................... 2-2 Section 3 Source Control Measures ......................................................................................................................... 3-1 3.1 Source Control BMPs .................................................................................................................................................. 3-1 3.2 Land Management ....................................................................................................................................................... 3-1 3.3 De-Designation of Management Zones .............................................................................................................. 3-2 Section 4 Desalination and Brine Minimization Technologies ..................................................................... 4-1 4.1 Mature Treatment Technologies .......................................................................................................................... 4-1 4.2 Emerging Treatment Technologies ..................................................................................................................... 4-2 4.3 Concept Level Capital Cost Estimate for Salinity Treatment .................................................................... 4-3 Section 5 Brine Storage, Disposal, and Use Options .......................................................................................... 5-1 5.1 Deep Well Injection ..................................................................................................................................................... 5-1 5.2 Supply for Hydraulic Fracturing ........................................................................................................................... 5-1 5.3 San Joaquin River Real-Time Management ...................................................................................................... 5-2 5.4 Salt Accumulation Areas/Landfilling .................................................................................................................. 5-3 5.4.1 SJRIP .................................................................................................................................................................................. 5-3 5.4.2 Tulare Lake Bed ............................................................................................................................................................ 5-5 5.5 Ocean Disposal .............................................................................................................................................................. 5-6 5.5.1 Dicharge through EBMUD ........................................................................................................................................ 5-7 5.5.2 Other Ocean Disposal Options ............................................................................................................................... 5-8 5.6 Salt Marketability ......................................................................................................................................................... 5-9 Section 6 Brine and Salt Transportation Options .............................................................................................. 6-1 6.1 Trucking and Rail ......................................................................................................................................................... 6-1 6.2 Regional Pipeline ......................................................................................................................................................... 6-4 6.3 Concept Level Cost Estimate for Regional Brine Line ................................................................................. 6-5 Section 7 Salinity Management Alternatives ....................................................................................................... 7-1 7.1 No Action ......................................................................................................................................................................... 7-1 7.2 Alternative 1 – San Francisco Bay Discharge to EBMUD, Deep Well Injection in IAZ 6; and Disposal of Brine for Hydraulic Fracturing ............................................................................................. 7-2 7.3 Alternative 2 – San Francisco Bay Discharge to an Alternate Outfall; Deep Well Injection in IAZ 6; and Disposal of Brine for Hydraulic Fracturing ........................................................................... 7-3 7.4 Alternative 3 – San Francisco Bay Discharge to EBMUD, Deep Well Injection in IAZ 6; and Disposal of Brine for Hydraulic Fracturing; Lower San Joaquin River Real Time Management Program ......................................................................................................................... 7-4 7.5 Alternative 4 – San Francisco Bay Discharge to EBMUD, Deep Well Injection in IAZ 6; and Disposal of Brine for Hydraulic Fracturing; Lower San Joaquin River Real Time Management Program; Salt Accumulation Areas ............................................................................................................................... 7-4 7.6 Summary of Cost for the Salt Management Alternatives ........................................................................... 7-5 SSALTS Phase 2 Report i September 2014 Table of Contents (continued) Section 8 Phase 3 SSALTS - Evaluate Potential Salt Disposal Alternatives to Identify Acceptable Alternatives for Implementation ................................................................................................................................ 8-1 Section 9 References ....................................................................................................................................................... 9-1 Appendix A – Estimate of Landfill Costs at Kettlemen Hills Appendix B – Comments to Draft Phase 2 SSALTS Reports and Responses List of Tables Table 1-1 Matrix of Methods and Implementation Actions: Lower San Joaquin River Implementation Plan and SSALTS Phase 1 and Phase 2............................................................................... 1-8 Table 2-1 IAZ Designations ................................................................................................................................................................ 2-5 Table 2-2 Salt Loading and Salt Extraction by IAZ .................................................................................................................. 2-6 Table 2-3 Salt Loading and Salt Extraction by IAZ – TDS Degraded Areas Only ........................................................ 2-6 Table 4-1 Concept Level Capital Cost Estimate for RO Treatment Facilities and Extraction Facilities – Southern and Middle Central Valley IAZs ........................................................................................................... 4-5 Table 4-2 Concept Level Capital Cost Estimate for RO Treatment Facilities and Extraction Facilities – IAZ 6 ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 5-5 Table 5-1 Mass of Salt Removed by Deep Injection Wells ................................................................................................. 5-11 Table 5-2 Mass of Salt Removed by Supplying Water for Hydraulic Fracturing...................................................... 5-11 Table 5-3 Potential Revenue Stream from Supplying Water for Hydraulic Fracturing ........................................ 5-11 Table 5-4 Monthly Discharge at the San Joaquin River near Vernalis, CA Gaging Station (11303500) from 1963 to 2014....................................................................................................................................................... 5-12 Table 5-5 Monthly Electrical Conductivity at the San