Culture in External Relations and Cooperation between Europe and Egypt Montserrat Casanovas i Olivares ADVERTIMENT. La consulta d’aquesta tesi queda condicionada a l’acceptació de les següents condicions d'ús: La difusió d’aquesta tesi per mitjà del servei TDX (www.tdx.cat) i a través del Dipòsit Digital de la UB (diposit.ub.edu) ha estat autoritzada pels titulars dels drets de propietat intel·lectual únicament per a usos privats emmarcats en activitats d’investigació i docència. No s’autoritza la seva reproducció amb finalitats de lucre ni la seva difusió i posada a disposició des d’un lloc aliè al servei TDX ni al Dipòsit Digital de la UB. No s’autoritza la presentació del seu contingut en una finestra o marc aliè a TDX o al Dipòsit Digital de la UB (framing). Aquesta reserva de drets afecta tant al resum de presentació de la tesi com als seus continguts. En la utilització o cita de parts de la tesi és obligat indicar el nom de la persona autora. ADVERTENCIA. 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CULTURE IN EXTERNAL RELATIONS AND COOPERATION BETWEEN EUROPE AND EGYPT Doctoral thesis Montserrat Casanovas i Olivares Director Dr. Lluís Bonet i Agustí Programa de Doctorat "Gestió de la Cultura i del Patrimoni" Facultat d'Economia i Empresa Maig 2017 ii CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................ IX ABBREVIATIONS ...................................................................................................... XI LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................... XIII LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................... XVII SUMMARY ............................................................................................................ XIX I. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 1 1. PRESENTATION .................................................................................................................................. 3 2. PURPOSE OF THE RESEARCH .............................................................................................................. 5 3. OBJECTIVES ........................................................................................................................................ 8 3.1. General objectives ............................................................................................................................ 8 3.2. Specific objectives ............................................................................................................................. 8 4. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM ........................................................................................................... 9 4.1. The role of culture in the international relations ............................................................................. 9 4.2. Culture and international relations in a specific geographical and cultural context ...................... 10 4.3. Coordination among the different European actors abroad .......................................................... 11 5. METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................................... 13 II. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ................................................................................ 15 1. CULTURE AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS ..................................................................................... 17 1.1. THE SCOPE OF CULTURE ................................................................................................................. 17 1.2. NATIONAL AND EUROPEAN UNION DEFINITIONS OR USE OF THE TERM 'CULTURE' ..................... 18 1.2.1. Concept of culture of Egypt .................................................................................................... 18 1.2.2. National definitions of culture by some European countries ................................................. 18 1.2.3. The EU terminology related to culture ................................................................................... 19 1.3. CULTURE AND INTERNATIONAL LAW: LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK ................................................ 19 1.4. CULTURE IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS ...................................................................................... 20 1.4.1. International cultural policies or international cultural relations? ......................................... 21 1.4.2. Definition of international cultural relations .......................................................................... 21 1.4.3. Factors affecting the evolution of international cultural relations ......................................... 23 1.4.4. Cultural cooperation ............................................................................................................... 24 iii 1.5. CULTURAL DIPLOMACY ................................................................................................................... 24 1.5.1. The start and the evolution of cultural diplomacy .................................................................. 24 1.5.2. Cultural Diplomacy of the Arab countries ............................................................................... 25 1.5.3. Cultural External Actions and Cultural Diplomacy .................................................................. 25 1.5.4. Some critics to cultural diplomacy .......................................................................................... 26 1.5.5. Cultural diplomacy as soft power ............................................................................................ 26 1.5.6. Studies and analysis about cultural diplomacy ....................................................................... 28 1.6. CULTURAL COOPERATION .............................................................................................................. 31 1.6.1. The value of culture in the international context ................................................................... 32 1.7. FROM NATION BRANDING TO COMPETITIVE IDENTITY ................................................................. 34 1.8. CULTURE AND DEVELOPMENT ....................................................................................................... 35 1.8.1. The inclusion of the human aspects to development ............................................................. 35 1.8.2. Culture and cooperation to development .............................................................................. 36 1.8.3. Increased focus on the contribution of culture to the economy ............................................ 36 2. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND CULTURAL DIPLOMACY: THE EURO-ARAB CONTEXT ................... 37 2.1. CULTURE IN EU EXTERNAL RELATIONS POLICY ............................................................................... 37 2.1.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 37 2.1.2. A trans-European identity: Is there an European identity? .................................................... 38 2.1.3. Culture as a way for defining and reinforcing an European identity ...................................... 39 2.1.4. Culture and the rotating Presidencies of the Council of the European Union........................ 40 2.1.5. Towards a definition of the EU cultural policies in its external relations ............................... 43 2.2. EU CULTURAL DIPLOMACY: A CONCEPTUAL APPROACH ............................................................... 48 2.2.1. Culture in the European Communitarian Law ........................................................................ 48 2.2.2. The EU adoption