G 72 .C24 v. 39 1999 AVAILABLE SEPTEMBER 1999! I A NEW, SECOND EDITION OF CALIFORNIA: THE GEOGRAPHY OF DIVERSITY by Crane S. Miller and Richard S. Hyslop The second edition of this popular, topically arranged text is an account of the most vital, significant, and fascinating aspects of California's rich phy sical and cultural landscape. KEY FEATURES • The book has been completely revised and expanded to include such topics as the rise of Silicon Valley, recent earthquakes, mass transportation, California's changing demography, the role of the state in the Pacific Rim econ­ omy, and much more. • The text provides complete coverage of emerging envi­ ronmental issues. • Coverage includes information on weather, landform provinces, ecological regions, and demographic patterns. The authors treat less traditional issues such as historical geography, cultural oddities, and regional personalities. ISBN 0-767 4-1345-8 Call Mayfield Publishing today at 800-433-1279 to request a complimentary examination copy. · � Mayfield Publishing Company • 1280 Villa Stre et, Mountain View, CA • www.mayfieldpub.cp _ liJ 94041-1176 . The California Geographer Vo lume XXXIX 1999 A Publication of the CALIFORNIA GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY EDITO R Ray Sumner EDITORIAL BOARD James Duvall, Contra Costa College David Hartman, Santa Ana College To m McKnight, UCLA Clement Padick, CSULA GUEST EDITOR, Vol. XXXI X Dale Pullin, California Institute ofTechnology Ty peset by Mark Reina and Ray Sumner Long Beach City College Printed by Jaymar Fast Print, Glendora Copyright I 999 by the California Geographical Society CALIFORNIA GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 1999-2000 Presidwt Stephen Cunha, Humboldt State University, Artcata Vice Presideut Carol Jean Cox, Sierra College, Rocklin Treasurer Bill Holder; Fountain Valley High School, Fountain Va lley Secretary Marcia Holstrom, San Jose State University Editor, The Bulletin Jenny Zorn,Ca l ifornia State University, San Bernardino Editor, CaliforniaGe ogra pher Ray Sumner, Long Beach City College Past President Stephen Cunha, Humboldt State University BOARD MEMBERS Joan Clemons, University of California, Los Angeles Mike Murphy, Gettysburg Elementary School. Clovis Emily Lieb, California State University, Fresno Bob Wa llen, Mendocino College Richard Eigenheer, Kit Carson Middle School. Sacramento Linda O'Hirok, CaliforniaState University, Los Angeles Carolyn Wharff, Mt. San Jacinto College Chris Lukinbeal. San Diego State Universi ty I UC Santa Barbara Christy Brenner, Saddleback College Matt Ebiner, El Camino College Table of Contents Artides Tire Ultraviolet Judex iu tire Coutiguous U11ited States a11d Its Verificatioll i11 Los A11gcles ......... ............................. ...................... Gong-Yuh Lin and Ti m Boyle Califo mia's "Asia11 Clam" (Potamorcorlmla amurerrsis) and tire Rlretoric of Alierr luvasious .......................................................................................... Diane Meredith 21 Recreatioual Paradise or Desecrated Slrriue? Divergiug Perceptious aud Rlretoric of a Coutested Wildemess Laudscape: Lake Powe/1/G/eu Cauyou ..................................................................... Douglas Warren Johnson 35 Absurdisl Carlograplry: Tire Dada Miller111iur11 Map of tire Uuited States ................................................................. Da Nemeth and Da Kaplan 65 Thiessen's Remarkable Po lrgous .......................................................................................... Mark P. Kumler 71 Geographh: Chronides The Ventura Meeting ................... ... ................ ................................. .... 82 Slim Bauer - a Note from Eliot Mcintyre .................................... 87 A Call for Authors . .............. .... ............ ... ................................. ...... .... ... 88 Geographic: Education A Regioual Corrrparison of tire Geogmplry of tire Uuited States ................................................................................ Marcia M. Holstrom 91 GIS Wo rks/rap: Au I11troductiou to ArcView ................................................................................................. Kathy Duret 98 REVIEW: Earthquakes: Scieuce aud Societ)' by David S. Bnrnrlmuglr .... ... ........ ...... .. ..... ... ................................... .................... Richard Raskoff 100 Editorial Policy ........................................................................................... 103 CORRECriON Vo lume XXXVIII included the article "California's Northeast Border: Political Pragmatism TurnedTe rritorial Imperative" by Gregory A Reed. Mr Reed is at Southwest Texas Sta te University. The Ultraviolet Index in the Contiguous United States and its Verifi.:ation in Los Angeles Gong-Yuh Lin and Tim Boyle California State University, Northridge Introdudion For the purpose of studying biological effects, ultraviolet radiation can be classified into three bands based on wavelength ranges; UV-C spans the 100 nm to 280 nm range, UV-8 lies between 280 nm and 320 nm, and UV-A extends from 320 nm to 400 nm (EPA 1994a ; Urbach 1986). Unlike UV-A and UV-8 radiations, the UV-C radiation is completely absorbed by the atmosphere before reaching the ground surface. There­ fo re, UV-A and UV-8 radiation is of major concern to human health. Human exposure to ultraviolet radiation provides some beneficial results such as skin tanning, vitamin D synthesis, and diagnostic and therapeutic applications in medicine. In contrast, overexposure to UV radiation may cause skin cancer, eye .disorders, suppression of the immune system, and erythema (sunburn or skin reddening). Since June 28, 1994, the National Weather Service (NWS) has issued the daily Ultraviolet Index (UVI) to warn the public against potential sunburn risk fo r 58 cities in the United States (Figure 1). The UVI was developed by the National Centers For Environmental Prediction (NCEP, formerly National Meteorological Center of NWS), in collaboration with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Center For Disease Control And Prevention (COO It is used as a tool to enhance public awareness of the health risks of excessive exposure to ultraviolet radia­ tion. Other countries, such as Australia, Canada, Germany, New Zealand, and Britain also issue an ultraviolet index, although their criteria may be different from those of the US UVI OCNIRP 1995). This article intends to introduce geographers to the concept of UVI by discussing the spatial and temporal va riations of the UVI and minute-to-burn time in the contiguous United States. Since the ultra­ violet index is a next-day fo recast of the likely exposure to ultraviolet radiation weighted by the erythemal action spectrum for a particular location at noon (EPA 1994a), an attempt is made to verify the UV J fo recast for Los Angeles by the measured UVl from the Ya ngkee's environ mental UVB-1 pyranometer located at Northridge. 1 .� - - --- ----- --- ·--- ::..o seattle -r -- ("'\.r , r - - - - --- ---- - i · . - - - ·--r ---- -"- ;·' \ _) ·;e.;;;.-·----j \ - - r - i <- ' - " _ _'IF� o'"' ,i _ _ __ - g rl } '. 9PorUand -- _.- - ------! Burhn, to ' """' / ·-\- - -- 0 o. ' �.. - - - -----i _ L 0 - - - Boston· . -! . 8 ff 1 · . u __ - _;.g--�· � · · i . Qo ____ao . oo""' i __ - 'o . --.1. f li < ------\'M>Iwa ukee0 � , -- -•• o----- __ , / - - J . ,___ -';y-:;' . c-- --J ,• ------ - ' � o - ' ', ' �-"' i-lf'/e -ork :, - ... \ - -� . •lN wY , -- , -�-- - < -;oO ' - · ·- - \ < ( • o < •• � '"0 o f " , sbu gh.,o �l_ oAtlantic City - " , • P>tt r e·- ' - - "�" OO 1 d'. Baltim; or 0 i - ---- -< Ooo -------·-, •' ?liover f < > n >anapo0lis / · '" \ < � c, : \ ,-:' o "' < ·------------ . \, ashington. DC �-� ' , o v o , I �rl;ston W .,, , en er Lo v ll l··G. :' , : : ': Sa>nt Louis uis i e o , : : {._,J-0 ,'-···· orfol��k0 N \ \ �. \ : ' \ ! - - W>�hlta i \ �s Vegas------ : -- - : 0 ; - ------ - \ - - ·r '-- ;;�;;--- i ' - - -- >- • � : - -- - --- �- -"•--- • ---J' ...- ; -:'-"(:· , LosAngeleso ;;:\- ,.ft".fi!P�!S - - ·� -i �:: •• - · --- � •• 7 0 • .. � r �--- i -, _ . ; "-·-.------- e \Al)j'nla o - .< . Utt) Rock i • -,_ _ ! : , o t _ , Charleston / · _ - ! i ___ '. {' -. • Dal aso . : •,- l ; Jac_kson : .. - ·---·- -- -- , { 0 • -----1. -' ' !_ \ • ! - \ M��·---- ---'-------•: Jacksonville --. - l L---• o • . _._ ' \ •, / ·,,\ OUSIOno \ ��Tampa 0 � � \ ( UVI STATIONS \jMiami _ _ \_ __ Figure 1. The locations of UVI stations. Literature Review The method of predicting the next day UVI is rather complicated. The EPA (I 994b) provided a brief discussion of the method of computing UVI in the United States. Long et al. (1996a) presented the procedures of UV I fo recasts in detail. Fa ctors causing variation in amounts of ultra­ violet radiation reaching the ground surface include the total column ozone, cloud cover, altitude, surface albedo, optical depth, and solar zenith angle or time of clay. Ozone strongly absorbs UV-B radiation but it is a poor absorber of UV-A radiation. Therefore, fluctuations in the incidence of UV-B radiation are particularly sensitive to variations in the total column ozone. Using the total column ozone observed fTom polar orbit satellites, a radiative transfer model. regression equations, and model output statistics (MOS), the spectrum irradiances at each wavelength between 290 nm and 400 nm are calculated and then weighted (multiplied) by the CIE (International Commission on Illumi­ nation or Commission Internationale d'Eclairage) action spectrum and integrated over the wavelength range to produce