PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS week ending PRL 98, 031802 (2007) 19 JANUARY 2007 TABLE I. Results of the fits to the t distributions. The first include their effect in the systematic uncertainties in the errors are statistical and the second errors are systematic. background fraction. Other contributions come from un- eff certainties in wrong tag fractions, the background t dis- Mode sin21 Af tribution, B0 and md. A possible fit bias is examined by K0 0:50 0:21 0:06 0:07 0:15 0:05 fitting a large number of MC events and is found to be 0 0K 0:64 0:10 0:04 0:01 0:07 0:05 small. ÿ K0K0K0 0:30 0:32 0:08 0:31 0:20 0:07 The dominant sources of systematic errors for the B0 S S S J= K0 0:642 0:031 0:017 0:018 0:021 0:014 J= K0 mode are the uncertainties in the vertex reconstruc-! tion (0.012 for sin21, 0.009 for Af), in the resolution function for the signal (0.006, 0.001), in the background quality (r>0:5) events. The sign of each t measurement 0 fraction (0.006, 0.002), in the flavor tagging (0.004, 0.003), for final states with a KL is inverted in order to combine 0 0 a possible fit bias (0.007, 0.004) and the effect of the results with KS and KL mesons. eff tagside interference (0.001, 0.009). Other contributions The dominant sources of systematic error for sin21 in amount to less than 0.001. We add each contribution in b sqq modes come from the uncertainties in the reso- ! 0 0 quadrature to obtain the total systematic uncertainty. lution function for the signal (0.03 for the B 0K For the B0 K0 mode, we observe CP violation with An introduction0 to heavy! 0 flavour physics0 mode, 0.04 for the K mode, 0.05 for the B a significance! equivalent to 5.6 standard deviations for a 0 0 0 ! KSKSKS mode) and in the background fraction+ − (0.02, Gaussian error, where the significance is calculated using at0.04, hadron 0.06). The effect machines, of f 980 K0 backgrounde e incolliders, the & elsewhere 0 the Feldman-Cousins frequentist approach [20]. The re- K0 mode (0.02) is estimated using the BES measurement 0 0 0 0 0 0 sults for B 0K , K and KSKSKS decays are all of the f0 980 line shape [18] and is included in the ! Bruce Yabsley consistent with the value of sin21 obtained from the background fraction systematic error. The dominant decay B0 J= K0 within 2 standard deviations. No direct sources for A in b sqq modes are the effects of tag- ! f !University of Sydney Particle PhysicsCP Groupviolation is observed in these decay modes. Further side interference [19] (0.02, 0.03, 0.04), the uncertainties in ARC Centre of Excellence for Particle Physicsmeasurements at the Terascale with much larger data samples are required the background fraction (0.02, 0.03, 0.05), in the vertex (http://www.coepp.org.au/)to search for new, beyond the SM, CP-violating phases in reconstruction (0.02 for all modes), and in the resolution the b s transition. function (0.02, 0.01, 0.02). We study the possible correla- We! thank the KEKB group for excellent operation of the 0 tions between Rs=b, pBCoEPPand r PDFs Annual used for Workshop,KL and accelerator, Cairns the KEK cryogenics group for efficient sole- K0 0 L, which are neglected in the nominal10th July result, 2013 and noid operations, and the KEK computer group and the NII for valuable computing and Super-SINET network sup- 60 port. We acknowledge support from MEXT and JSPS 150 (a) B0 → η′K0 q=+1 (b) B0 →φK0 q=+1 q=−1 4 Inclusiveq=−1 cross-section(Japan); ARC and DEST (Australia); NSFC and KIP of 10 ATLAS 1.5 < |y | < 2 J/s 100 40 3 CMS 1.6 < |y | < 2.4 10 J/sCAS (China); DST (India); MOEHRD, KOSEF, and KRF Spin-alignment envelope 20 2 50 dy [nb/GeV] 10 (Korea); KBN (Poland); MIST (Russia); ARRS (Slovenia); T 10 /dp Entries / 1.5 ps Entries / 2.5 ps SNSF (Switzerland); NSC and MOE (Taiwan); and DOE 0 0m 2 1 )d 0.5 0.5- (U.S.A.). µ -1 + 10 µ ATLAS 0 0 -2 A 10 s= 7 TeV s -0.5 -0.5 -3 L dt = 2.2 pb-1 Asymmetry Asymmetry 10 0 -7.5 -5 -2.5 0 2.5 5 7.5 -7.5Br(J/ 1 -5 -2.52 03 2.54 5 6 57 7.510 20 30 -ξ ∆t(ps) -ξ ∆t(ps) pJ/s [GeV] f f T 40 (c) B0 K0K0K0 q=+1 (d) B0 J/ K0 q=+1 → S S S q=−1 400 → ψ q=−1 [1] Y. Grossman and M. P. Worah, Phys. Lett. B 395, 241 Bruce30 Yabsley (Sydney) 300 Heavy flavour physics (1997);CoEPP/Cairns D. London 2013/07/10 and A. Soni, 1 Phys. / 24 Lett. B 407, 61 20 200 (1997); T. Moroi, Phys. Lett. B 493, 366 (2000); D. 10 100 Chang, A. Masiero, and H. Murayama, Phys. Rev. D 67, Entries / 2.5ps Entries / 0 Entries / 0.5 ps 0 075013 (2003); S. Baek, T. Goto, Y. Okada, and K. 0.5 0.5 Okumura, Phys. Rev. D 64, 095001 (2001). 0 0 [2] A. B. Carter and A. I. Sanda, Phys. Rev. D 23, 1567 -0.5 -0.5 (1981); I. I. Bigi and A. I. Sanda, Nucl. Phys. B193, 85 Asymmetry Asymmetry -7.5 -5 -2.5 0 2.5 5 7.5 -7.5 -5 -2.5 0 2.5 5 7.5 (1981). ∆t(ps) -ξf∆t(ps) [3] M. Kobayashi and T. Maskawa, Prog. Theor. Phys. 49, 652 (1973). FIG. 3 (color online). Background-subtracted t distributions [4] N. Cabibbo, Phys. Rev. Lett. 10, 531 (1963). and asymmetries for events with good tags (r>0:5) for [5] Another naming convention 1 is also used in 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (a) B 0K , (b) B K , (c) B KSKSKS, and literatures. (d) B0 !J= K0. In the asymmetry! plots, solid! curves show [6] M. Beneke and M. Neubert, Nucl. Phys. B675, 333 the fit results;! dashed curves show the SM expectation from our (2003); M. Beneke, Phys. Lett. B 620, 143 (2005); H.-Y. B0 J= K0 measurement. Cheng, C.-K. Chua, and A. Soni, Phys. Rev. D 72, 014006 ! 031802-5 Outline 1 What we mean by \heavy flavour” 2 Open flavour states 3 Hidden flavour states 4 Facilities for heavy flavour studies 5 Summary Bruce Yabsley (Sydney) Heavy flavour physics CoEPP/Cairns 2013/07/10 2 / 24 heavy flavour What we mean by \heavy flavour” the term is somewhat flexible in practice my working definition: \a fermion with mass greater than the hadronic scale is involved . " the original extra flavour, strangeness, doesn't count the strange quark is not quite heavy enough but there are some common features (cf. φ, K∗,...) charm does count, but is more complicated than you think beauty is the ideal case, and has a rich phenomenology top is different again: decays too quickly to hadronise in this talk, I will leave out τ, which does not form bound states, although there are common features with b and c so we should add another clause: \. and is at least potentially part of a bound state" Bruce Yabsley (Sydney) Heavy flavour physics CoEPP/Cairns 2013/07/10 3 / 24 open flavour Open flavour states 1 What we mean by \heavy flavour” 2 Open flavour states Heavy quark symmetry Lifetimes of heavy hadrons Heavy flavour decays Loops and all that 3 Hidden flavour states 4 Facilities for heavy flavour studies 5 Summary Bruce Yabsley (Sydney) Heavy flavour physics CoEPP/Cairns 2013/07/10 4 / 24 heavy hadron the solar system ∼ heavy quark the sun, as a fixed centre of the strong force ∼ light degrees of freedom don't matter: just need a colour 3 HQS: m , universal behaviour; heavy ~s and light ~j decouple; Q ! 1 Q q predictive | narrow and broad states, nontrivial ~L of decays, . open flavour HQ sym Heavy quark symmetry D+ 1869:6 MeV B+ 5279:3 MeV D0 1864:9 MeV B0 5279:6 MeV + 0 Ds 1968:5 MeV Bs 5366:8 MeV + 0 Λc 2286:5 MeV Λb 5619:4 MeV 0 0 Ξc 2470:9 MeV Ξb 5788 MeV + Ξc 2467:8 MeV Ξb− 5791 MeV 0 Ωc 2695 MeV Ωb− 6071 MeV Heavy hadrons are dominated by their heavy quark. The na¨ıvepicture: Bruce Yabsley (Sydney) Heavy flavour physics CoEPP/Cairns 2013/07/10 5 / 24 heavy quark the sun, as a fixed centre of the strong force ∼ light degrees of freedom don't matter: just need a colour 3 HQS: m , universal behaviour; heavy ~s and light ~j decouple; Q ! 1 Q q predictive | narrow and broad states, nontrivial ~L of decays, . open flavour HQ sym Heavy quark symmetry D+ 1869:6 MeV B+ 5279:3 MeV D0 1864:9 MeV B0 5279:6 MeV + 0 Ds 1968:5 MeV Bs 5366:8 MeV + 0 Λc 2286:5 MeV Λb 5619:4 MeV 0 0 Ξc 2470:9 MeV Ξb 5788 MeV + Ξc 2467:8 MeV Ξb− 5791 MeV 0 Ωc 2695 MeV Ωb− 6071 MeV Heavy hadrons are dominated by their heavy quark. The na¨ıvepicture: heavy hadron the solar system ∼ Bruce Yabsley (Sydney) Heavy flavour physics CoEPP/Cairns 2013/07/10 5 / 24 light degrees of freedom don't matter: just need a colour 3 HQS: m , universal behaviour; heavy ~s and light ~j decouple; Q ! 1 Q q predictive | narrow and broad states, nontrivial ~L of decays, .