An Introduction to Heavy Flavour Physics at Hadron Machines, E+ E

PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS week ending PRL 98, 031802 (2007) 19 JANUARY 2007

TABLE I. Results of the fits to the t distributions. The first include their effect in the systematic uncertainties in the errors are statistical and the second errors are systematic. background fraction. Other contributions come from un- eff certainties in wrong tag fractions, the background t dis- Mode sin21 Af tribution, B0 and md. A possible fit bias is examined by K0 0:50 0:21 0:06 0:07 0:15 0:05 fitting a large number of MC events and is found to be 0 0K 0:64 0:10 0:04 0:01 0:07 0:05 small. ÿ K0K0K0 0:30 0:32 0:08 0:31 0:20 0:07 The dominant sources of systematic errors for the B0 S S S J= K0 0:642 0:031 0:017 0:018 0:021 0:014 J= K0 mode are the uncertainties in the vertex reconstruc-! tion (0.012 for sin21, 0.009 for Af), in the resolution function for the signal (0.006, 0.001), in the background quality (r>0:5) events. The sign of each t measurement 0 fraction (0.006, 0.002), in the flavor tagging (0.004, 0.003), for final states with a KL is inverted in order to combine 0 0 a possible fit bias (0.007, 0.004) and the effect of the results with KS and KL mesons. eff tagside interference (0.001, 0.009). Other contributions The dominant sources of systematic error for sin21 in amount to less than 0.001. We add each contribution in b sqq modes come from the uncertainties in the reso- ! 0 0 quadrature to obtain the total systematic uncertainty. lution function for the signal (0.03 for the B 0K For the B0 K0 mode, we observe CP violation with An introduction0 to heavy! 0 flavour physics0 mode, 0.04 for the K mode, 0.05 for the B a significance! equivalent to 5.6 standard deviations for a 0 0 0 ! KSKSKS mode) and in the background fraction+ − (0.02, Gaussian error, where the significance is calculated using at0.04, hadron 0.06). The effect machines, of f 980 K0 backgrounde e incolliders, the & elsewhere 0 the Feldman-Cousins frequentist approach [20]. The re- K0 mode (0.02) is estimated using the BES measurement 0 0 0 0 0 0 sults for B 0K , K and KSKSKS decays are all of the f0 980 line shape [18] and is included in the ! Bruce Yabsley consistent with the value of sin21 obtained from the background fraction systematic error. The dominant decay B0 J= K0 within 2 standard deviations. No direct sources for A in b sqq modes are the effects of tag- ! f !University of Sydney Particle PhysicsCP Groupviolation is observed in these decay modes. Further side interference [19] (0.02, 0.03, 0.04), the uncertainties in ARC Centre of Excellence for Particle Physicsmeasurements at the Terascale with much larger data samples are required the background fraction (0.02, 0.03, 0.05), in the vertex (http://www.coepp.org.au/)to search for new, beyond the SM, CP-violating phases in reconstruction (0.02 for all modes), and in the resolution the b s transition. function (0.02, 0.01, 0.02). We study the possible correla- We! thank the KEKB group for excellent operation of the 0 tions between Rs=b, pBCoEPPand r PDFs Annual used for Workshop,KL and accelerator, Cairns the KEK cryogenics group for efficient sole- K0 0 L, which are neglected in the nominal10th July result, 2013 and noid operations, and the KEK computer group and the NII for valuable computing and Super-SINET network sup-

60 port. We acknowledge support from MEXT and JSPS 150 (a) B0 → η′K0 q=+1 (b) B0 →φK0 q=+1 q=−1 4 Inclusiveq=−1 cross-section(Japan); ARC and DEST (Australia); NSFC and KIP of 10 ATLAS 1.5 < |y | < 2 J/s 100 40 3 CMS 1.6 < |y | < 2.4 10 J/sCAS (China); DST (India); MOEHRD, KOSEF, and KRF Spin-alignment envelope 20 2 50 dy [nb/GeV] 10 (Korea); KBN (Poland); MIST (Russia); ARRS (Slovenia); T 10 /dp Entries / 1.5 ps Entries / 2.5 ps SNSF (Switzerland); NSC and MOE (Taiwan); and DOE

0 0m 2 1 )d 0.5 0.5- (U.S.A.).

µ -1 + 10 µ ATLAS 0 0 -2 A 10 s= 7 TeV s -0.5 -0.5 -3 L dt = 2.2 pb-1 Asymmetry Asymmetry 10 0 -7.5 -5 -2.5 0 2.5 5 7.5 -7.5Br(J/ 1 -5 -2.52 03 2.54 5 6 57 7.510 20 30 -ξ ∆t(ps) -ξ ∆t(ps) pJ/s [GeV] f f T

40 (c) B0 K0K0K0 q=+1 (d) B0 J/ K0 q=+1 → S S S q=−1 400 → ψ q=−1 [1] Y. Grossman and M. P. Worah, Phys. Lett. B 395, 241 Bruce30 Yabsley (Sydney) 300 Heavy ﬂavour physics (1997);CoEPP/Cairns D. London 2013/07/10 and A. Soni, 1 Phys. / 24 Lett. B 407, 61 20 200 (1997); T. Moroi, Phys. Lett. B 493, 366 (2000); D. 10 100 Chang, A. Masiero, and H. Murayama, Phys. Rev. D 67, Entries / 2.5ps / Entries 0 ps 0.5 / Entries 0 075013 (2003); S. Baek, T. Goto, Y. Okada, and K. 0.5 0.5 Okumura, Phys. Rev. D 64, 095001 (2001). 0 0 [2] A. B. Carter and A. I. Sanda, Phys. Rev. D 23, 1567 -0.5 -0.5 (1981); I. I. Bigi and A. I. Sanda, Nucl. Phys. B193, 85 Asymmetry Asymmetry -7.5 -5 -2.5 0 2.5 5 7.5 -7.5 -5 -2.5 0 2.5 5 7.5 (1981). ∆t(ps) -ξf∆t(ps) [3] M. Kobayashi and T. Maskawa, Prog. Theor. Phys. 49, 652 (1973). FIG. 3 (color online). Background-subtracted t distributions [4] N. Cabibbo, Phys. Rev. Lett. 10, 531 (1963). and asymmetries for events with good tags (r>0:5) for [5] Another naming convention 1 is also used in 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (a) B 0K , (b) B K , (c) B KSKSKS, and literatures. (d) B0 !J= K0. In the asymmetry! plots, solid! curves show [6] M. Beneke and M. Neubert, Nucl. Phys. B675, 333 the ﬁt results;! dashed curves show the SM expectation from our (2003); M. Beneke, Phys. Lett. B 620, 143 (2005); H.-Y. B0 J= K0 measurement. Cheng, C.-K. Chua, and A. Soni, Phys. Rev. D 72, 014006 !

031802-5 Outline

1 What we mean by “heavy ﬂavour”

2 Open ﬂavour states

3 Hidden ﬂavour states

4 Facilities for heavy ﬂavour studies

5 Summary

Bruce Yabsley (Sydney) Heavy flavour physics CoEPP/Cairns 2013/07/10 2 / 24 heavy flavour What we mean by “heavy flavour”

the term is somewhat flexible in practice my working definition: “a fermion with mass greater than the hadronic scale is involved . . . ” the original extra flavour, strangeness, doesn’t count the strange quark is not quite heavy enough but there are some common features (cf. φ, K∗,...) charm does count, but is more complicated than you think beauty is the ideal case, and has a rich phenomenology top is different again: decays too quickly to hadronise in this talk, I will leave out τ, which does not form bound states, although there are common features with b and c so we should add another clause: “. . . and is at least potentially part of a bound state”

Bruce Yabsley (Sydney) Heavy flavour physics CoEPP/Cairns 2013/07/10 3 / 24 open flavour Open flavour states

1 What we mean by “heavy ﬂavour”

2 Open ﬂavour states Heavy quark symmetry Lifetimes of heavy hadrons Heavy ﬂavour decays Loops and all that

3 Hidden ﬂavour states

4 Facilities for heavy ﬂavour studies

5 Summary

Bruce Yabsley (Sydney) Heavy ﬂavour physics CoEPP/Cairns 2013/07/10 4 / 24 heavy hadron the solar system ∼ heavy quark the sun, as a ﬁxed centre of the strong force ∼ light degrees of freedom don’t matter: just need a colour 3 HQS: m , universal behaviour; heavy ~s and light ~j decouple; Q → ∞ Q q predictive — narrow and broad states, nontrivial ~L of decays, . . .

open ﬂavour HQ sym Heavy quark symmetry

Bruce Yabsley (Sydney) Heavy ﬂavour physics CoEPP/Cairns 2013/07/10 5 / 24 heavy quark the sun, as a ﬁxed centre of the strong force ∼ light degrees of freedom don’t matter: just need a colour 3 HQS: m , universal behaviour; heavy ~s and light ~j decouple; Q → ∞ Q q predictive — narrow and broad states, nontrivial ~L of decays, . . .

open ﬂavour HQ sym Heavy quark symmetry

Bruce Yabsley (Sydney) Heavy ﬂavour physics CoEPP/Cairns 2013/07/10 5 / 24 light degrees of freedom don’t matter: just need a colour 3 HQS: m , universal behaviour; heavy ~s and light ~j decouple; Q → ∞ Q q predictive — narrow and broad states, nontrivial ~L of decays, . . .

open ﬂavour HQ sym Heavy quark symmetry

Bruce Yabsley (Sydney) Heavy ﬂavour physics CoEPP/Cairns 2013/07/10 5 / 24 HQS: m , universal behaviour; heavy ~s and light ~j decouple; Q → ∞ Q q predictive — narrow and broad states, nontrivial ~L of decays, . . .

open ﬂavour HQ sym Heavy quark symmetry

D+ 1869.6 MeV B+ 5279.3 MeV D0 1864.9 MeV B0 5279.6 MeV + 0 Ds 1968.5 MeV Bs 5366.8 MeV + 0 Λc 2286.5 MeV Λb 5619.4 MeV 0 0 Ξc 2470.9 MeV Ξb 5788 MeV + Ξc 2467.8 MeV Ξb− 5791 MeV 0 Ωc 2695 MeV Ωb− 6071 MeV Heavy hadrons are dominated by their heavy quark. The na¨ıvepicture: heavy hadron the solar system ∼ heavy quark the sun, as a ﬁxed centre of the strong force ∼ light degrees of freedom don’t matter: just need a colour 3

Bruce Yabsley (Sydney) Heavy ﬂavour physics CoEPP/Cairns 2013/07/10 5 / 24 open ﬂavour HQ sym Heavy quark symmetry

Bruce Yabsley (Sydney) Heavy ﬂavour physics CoEPP/Cairns 2013/07/10 5 / 24 (X `ν) ΓX `ν B 1 34% 0.33 ps− 1 13% 0.32 ps− 1 13% 0.26 ps− 9% 0.45 ps 1 38% − ± looks reasonable for beauty, but badly broken for charm: factor of 2.5 between D+, D0 note that the inclusive (X `ν), ` = P , also diﬀers . . . B e,µ . . . & that partial width Γ = Γ (X `ν) = 1 (X `ν) is universal X `ν B τ B ∼ (similarly for both B+ and B0,Γ 0.135 ps 1) X `ν ∼ −

open ﬂavour lifetimes Lifetimes of heavy hadrons

. . . and at leading order in an expansion in ΛQCD /mQ , all heavy hadrons of a given ﬂavour should have the same lifetime, driven by the decay of the free quark

τ τ B+ 1.64 ps D+ 1.04 ps B0 1.52 ps D0 0.41 ps 0 + Bs 1.50 ps Ds 0.50 ps 0 + Λb 1.43 ps Λc 0.20 ps

Bruce Yabsley (Sydney) Heavy ﬂavour physics CoEPP/Cairns 2013/07/10 6 / 24 (X `ν) ΓX `ν B 1 34% 0.33 ps− 1 13% 0.32 ps− 1 13% 0.26 ps− 9% 0.45 ps 1 38% − ±

badly broken for charm: factor of 2.5 between D+, D0 note that the inclusive (X `ν), ` = P , also diﬀers . . . B e,µ . . . & that partial width Γ = Γ (X `ν) = 1 (X `ν) is universal X `ν B τ B ∼ (similarly for both B+ and B0,Γ 0.135 ps 1) X `ν ∼ −

open ﬂavour lifetimes Lifetimes of heavy hadrons

. . . and at leading order in an expansion in ΛQCD /mQ , all heavy hadrons of a given ﬂavour should have the same lifetime, driven by the decay of the free quark

τ τ B+ 1.64 ps D+ 1.04 ps B0 1.52 ps D0 0.41 ps 0 + Bs 1.50 ps Ds 0.50 ps 0 + Λb 1.43 ps Λc 0.20 ps looks reasonable for beauty, but

Bruce Yabsley (Sydney) Heavy ﬂavour physics CoEPP/Cairns 2013/07/10 6 / 24 (X `ν) ΓX `ν B 1 34% 0.33 ps− 1 13% 0.32 ps− 1 13% 0.26 ps− 9% 0.45 ps 1 38% − ±

note that the inclusive (X `ν), ` = P , also diﬀers . . . B e,µ . . . & that partial width Γ = Γ (X `ν) = 1 (X `ν) is universal X `ν B τ B ∼ (similarly for both B+ and B0,Γ 0.135 ps 1) X `ν ∼ −

open ﬂavour lifetimes Lifetimes of heavy hadrons

. . . and at leading order in an expansion in ΛQCD /mQ , all heavy hadrons of a given ﬂavour should have the same lifetime, driven by the decay of the free quark

τ τ B+ 1.64 ps D+ 1.04 ps B0 1.52 ps D0 0.41 ps 0 + Bs 1.50 ps Ds 0.50 ps 0 + Λb 1.43 ps Λc 0.20 ps looks reasonable for beauty, but badly broken for charm: factor of 2.5 between D+, D0

Bruce Yabsley (Sydney) Heavy ﬂavour physics CoEPP/Cairns 2013/07/10 6 / 24 ΓX `ν 1 0.33 ps− 1 0.32 ps− 1 0.26 ps− 0.45 ps 1 38% − ±

. . . & that partial width Γ = Γ (X `ν) = 1 (X `ν) is universal X `ν B τ B ∼ (similarly for both B+ and B0,Γ 0.135 ps 1) X `ν ∼ −

open ﬂavour lifetimes Lifetimes of heavy hadrons

. . . and at leading order in an expansion in ΛQCD /mQ , all heavy hadrons of a given ﬂavour should have the same lifetime, driven by the decay of the free quark

τ τ (X `ν) B B+ 1.64 ps D+ 1.04 ps 34% B0 1.52 ps D0 0.41 ps 13% 0 + Bs 1.50 ps Ds 0.50 ps 13% 0 + Λb 1.43 ps Λc 0.20 ps 9% looks reasonable for beauty, but badly broken for charm: factor of 2.5 between D+, D0 note that the inclusive (X `ν), ` = P , also diﬀers . . . B e,µ

Bruce Yabsley (Sydney) Heavy ﬂavour physics CoEPP/Cairns 2013/07/10 6 / 24 (similarly for both B+ and B0,Γ 0.135 ps 1) X `ν ∼ −

open ﬂavour lifetimes Lifetimes of heavy hadrons

. . . and at leading order in an expansion in ΛQCD /mQ , all heavy hadrons of a given ﬂavour should have the same lifetime, driven by the decay of the free quark

Bruce Yabsley (Sydney) Heavy ﬂavour physics CoEPP/Cairns 2013/07/10 6 / 24 open ﬂavour lifetimes Lifetimes of heavy hadrons

. . . and at leading order in an expansion in ΛQCD /mQ , all heavy hadrons of a given ﬂavour should have the same lifetime, driven by the decay of the free quark

τ τ (X `ν) ΓX `ν + + B 1 B 1.64 ps D 1.04 ps 34% 0.33 ps− 0 0 1 B 1.52 ps D 0.41 ps 13% 0.32 ps− 0 + 1 Bs 1.50 ps Ds 0.50 ps 13% 0.26 ps− Λ0 1.43 ps Λ+ 0.20 ps 9% 0.45 ps 1 38% b c − ± looks reasonable for beauty, but badly broken for charm: factor of 2.5 between D+, D0 note that the inclusive (X `ν), ` = P , also differs . . . B e,µ . . . & that partial width Γ = Γ (X `ν) = 1 (X `ν) is universal X `ν B τ B ∼ (similarly for both B+ and B0,Γ 0.135 ps 1) X `ν ∼ − Bruce Yabsley (Sydney) Heavy flavour physics CoEPP/Cairns 2013/07/10 6 / 24 hadronic effects enter only at H ( universal) & X preferred place for CKM measurements,∼ and an abiding interest for KV, EB, others . . . see the poster of Alexei Sibidanov this afternoon note precision still takes heavy lifting from theory, experiment ; { } PBF section on Vub and Vcb measurements is 30 pp long

beauty is better-behaved than charm; this follows from the much larger mb beneath the surface complexity, there is often something simple going on ∼ (semi)leptonic decays H X `ν are privileged: →

notice that τ 1.6 ps cτ 500 µm: ∼ −→ ∼ foundation of open-heavy ﬂavour measurement in many experiments

open ﬂavour lifetimes Lifetimes of heavy hadrons: pause for thought

some general features & take-away messages can already be seen:

Bruce Yabsley (Sydney) Heavy ﬂavour physics CoEPP/Cairns 2013/07/10 7 / 24 hadronic eﬀects enter only at H ( universal) & X preferred place for CKM measurements,∼ and an abiding interest for KV, EB, others . . . see the poster of Alexei Sibidanov this afternoon note precision still takes heavy lifting from theory, experiment ; { } PBF section on Vub and Vcb measurements is 30 pp long

beneath the surface complexity, there is often something simple going on ∼ (semi)leptonic decays H X `ν are privileged: →

notice that τ 1.6 ps cτ 500 µm: ∼ −→ ∼ foundation of open-heavy ﬂavour measurement in many experiments

open ﬂavour lifetimes Lifetimes of heavy hadrons: pause for thought

some general features & take-away messages can already be seen: beauty is better-behaved than charm; this follows from the much larger mb

(semi)leptonic decays H X `ν are privileged: →

notice that τ 1.6 ps cτ 500 µm: ∼ −→ ∼ foundation of open-heavy ﬂavour measurement in many experiments

open ﬂavour lifetimes Lifetimes of heavy hadrons: pause for thought

Bruce Yabsley (Sydney) Heavy ﬂavour physics CoEPP/Cairns 2013/07/10 7 / 24 preferred place for CKM measurements, and an abiding interest for KV, EB, others . . . see the poster of Alexei Sibidanov this afternoon note precision still takes heavy lifting from theory, experiment ; { } PBF section on Vub and Vcb measurements is 30 pp long notice that τ 1.6 ps cτ 500 µm: ∼ −→ ∼ foundation of open-heavy ﬂavour measurement in many experiments

open ﬂavour lifetimes Lifetimes of heavy hadrons: pause for thought

Bruce Yabsley (Sydney) Heavy ﬂavour physics CoEPP/Cairns 2013/07/10 7 / 24 see the poster of Alexei Sibidanov this afternoon note precision still takes heavy lifting from theory, experiment ; { } PBF section on Vub and Vcb measurements is 30 pp long notice that τ 1.6 ps cτ 500 µm: ∼ −→ ∼ foundation of open-heavy ﬂavour measurement in many experiments

open ﬂavour lifetimes Lifetimes of heavy hadrons: pause for thought

Bruce Yabsley (Sydney) Heavy ﬂavour physics CoEPP/Cairns 2013/07/10 7 / 24 note precision still takes heavy lifting from theory, experiment ; { } PBF section on Vub and Vcb measurements is 30 pp long notice that τ 1.6 ps cτ 500 µm: ∼ −→ ∼ foundation of open-heavy ﬂavour measurement in many experiments

open ﬂavour lifetimes Lifetimes of heavy hadrons: pause for thought

Bruce Yabsley (Sydney) Heavy ﬂavour physics CoEPP/Cairns 2013/07/10 7 / 24 notice that τ 1.6 ps cτ 500 µm: ∼ −→ ∼ foundation of open-heavy ﬂavour measurement in many experiments

open ﬂavour lifetimes Lifetimes of heavy hadrons: pause for thought

some general features & take-away messages can already be seen: beauty is better-behaved than charm; this follows from the much larger mb beneath the surface complexity, there is often something simple going on ∼ (semi)leptonic decays H X `ν are privileged: → hadronic eﬀects enter only at H ( universal) & X preferred place for CKM measurements,∼ and an abiding interest for KV, EB, others . . . see the poster of Alexei Sibidanov this afternoon note precision still takes heavy lifting from theory, experiment ; { } PBF section on Vub and Vcb measurements is 30 pp long

Bruce Yabsley (Sydney) Heavy ﬂavour physics CoEPP/Cairns 2013/07/10 7 / 24 open ﬂavour lifetimes Lifetimes of heavy hadrons: pause for thought

Bruce Yabsley (Sydney) Heavy ﬂavour physics CoEPP/Cairns 2013/07/10 7 / 24 note common D0, D 0 decays drive D0-D 0mixing, which is a quark-box-diagram eﬀect for beauty (see my weekly experimental mtg talk of 10th April) 0 the (FCNC!) decays D φ, K∗ γ are driven by VMD . . . → { }

c s, d `ν and b c, u `ν already discussed → { } → { } b cud¯ straightforward → b ccs¯ energetically allowed: → B D( )D( )X , B+ ψK+ and friends → ∗ ∗ → beauty charm strange chain decays: → → significant multiplicity, distinctive topology . . . radiative decays b s, d γ are a loop effect (see later) → { } in charm, hadronic (incl. resonance) & phase space effects important

beauty heavy enough to undergo baryonic decay, B BBX ; → complex eﬀects are possible — active area of study

open ﬂavour decays Heavy ﬂavour decays

(mostly) driven by the underlying heavy quark decay:

Bruce Yabsley (Sydney) Heavy ﬂavour physics CoEPP/Cairns 2013/07/10 8 / 24 note common D0, D 0 decays drive D0-D 0mixing, which is a quark-box-diagram eﬀect for beauty (see my weekly experimental mtg talk of 10th April) 0 the (FCNC!) decays D φ, K∗ γ are driven by VMD . . . → { }

b cud¯ straightforward → b ccs¯ energetically allowed: → B D( )D( )X , B+ ψK+ and friends → ∗ ∗ → beauty charm strange chain decays: → → significant multiplicity, distinctive topology . . . radiative decays b s, d γ are a loop effect (see later) → { } in charm, hadronic (incl. resonance) & phase space effects important

beauty heavy enough to undergo baryonic decay, B BBX ; → complex eﬀects are possible — active area of study

open ﬂavour decays Heavy ﬂavour decays

(mostly) driven by the underlying heavy quark decay: c s, d `ν and b c, u `ν already discussed → { } → { }

b ccs¯ energetically allowed: → B D( )D( )X , B+ ψK+ and friends → ∗ ∗ → beauty charm strange chain decays: → → significant multiplicity, distinctive topology . . . radiative decays b s, d γ are a loop effect (see later) → { } in charm, hadronic (incl. resonance) & phase space effects important

beauty heavy enough to undergo baryonic decay, B BBX ; → complex eﬀects are possible — active area of study

open ﬂavour decays Heavy ﬂavour decays

(mostly) driven by the underlying heavy quark decay: c s, d `ν and b c, u `ν already discussed → { } → { } b cud¯ straightforward →

beauty charm strange chain decays: → → significant multiplicity, distinctive topology . . . radiative decays b s, d γ are a loop effect (see later) → { } in charm, hadronic (incl. resonance) & phase space effects important

beauty heavy enough to undergo baryonic decay, B BBX ; → complex eﬀects are possible — active area of study

open ﬂavour decays Heavy ﬂavour decays

radiative decays b s, d γ are a loop eﬀect (see later) → { } in charm, hadronic (incl. resonance) & phase space eﬀects important

beauty heavy enough to undergo baryonic decay, B BBX ; → complex eﬀects are possible — active area of study

open ﬂavour decays Heavy ﬂavour decays

in charm, hadronic (incl. resonance) & phase space eﬀects important

beauty heavy enough to undergo baryonic decay, B BBX ; → complex eﬀects are possible — active area of study

open ﬂavour decays Heavy ﬂavour decays

Bruce Yabsley (Sydney) Heavy ﬂavour physics CoEPP/Cairns 2013/07/10 8 / 24 0 the (FCNC!) decays D φ, K∗ γ are driven by VMD . . . → { } beauty heavy enough to undergo baryonic decay, B BBX ; → complex eﬀects are possible — active area of study

open ﬂavour decays Heavy ﬂavour decays

(mostly) driven by the underlying heavy quark decay: c s, d `ν and b c, u `ν already discussed → { } → { } b cud¯ straightforward → b ccs¯ energetically allowed: → B D( )D( )X , B+ ψK+ and friends → ∗ ∗ → beauty charm strange chain decays: → → significant multiplicity, distinctive topology . . . radiative decays b s, d γ are a loop effect (see later) → { } in charm, hadronic (incl. resonance) & phase space effects important note common D0, D 0 decays drive D0-D 0mixing, which is a quark-box-diagram effect for beauty (see my weekly experimental mtg talk of 10th April)

Bruce Yabsley (Sydney) Heavy ﬂavour physics CoEPP/Cairns 2013/07/10 8 / 24 beauty heavy enough to undergo baryonic decay, B BBX ; → complex eﬀects are possible — active area of study

open ﬂavour decays Heavy ﬂavour decays

Bruce Yabsley (Sydney) Heavy flavour physics CoEPP/Cairns 2013/07/10 8 / 24 open flavour decays Heavy flavour decays

Bruce Yabsley (Sydney) Heavy flavour physics CoEPP/Cairns 2013/07/10 8 / 24 no FCNC = charm ⇒ ∃ B mixing = large m ⇒ t loops such as b s`+` are likewise → − sensitive to further new (heavy) particles, incl. those beyond current direct reach B-factories’ flagship programme: time-dependent CP violation analyses CPV in interf. of decay & mixing (loops!) open unitarity triangle: large effects confirmed KM picture of CPV searches for non-SM effects due to competing (mostly loop) amplitudes

open ﬂavour loops Loops and all that

Much of the history and the current interest in ℓ− open heavy ﬂavour comes from loop eﬀects: ℓ+

b s t

u, d u, d

Bruce Yabsley (Sydney) Heavy flavour physics CoEPP/Cairns 2013/07/10 9 / 24 B mixing = large m ⇒ t loops such as b s`+` are likewise → − sensitive to further new (heavy) particles, incl. those beyond current direct reach B-factories’ flagship programme: time-dependent CP violation analyses CPV in interf. of decay & mixing (loops!) open unitarity triangle: large effects confirmed KM picture of CPV searches for non-SM effects due to competing (mostly loop) amplitudes

open ﬂavour loops Loops and all that

Much of the history and the current interest in ℓ− open heavy ﬂavour comes from loop eﬀects: no FCNC = charm ℓ+ ⇒ ∃

b s t

u, d u, d

Bruce Yabsley (Sydney) Heavy flavour physics CoEPP/Cairns 2013/07/10 9 / 24 loops such as b s`+` are likewise → − sensitive to further new (heavy) particles, incl. those beyond current direct reach B-factories’ flagship programme: time-dependent CP violation analyses CPV in interf. of decay & mixing (loops!) open unitarity triangle: large effects confirmed KM picture of CPV searches for non-SM effects due to competing (mostly loop) amplitudes

open ﬂavour loops Loops and all that

Much of the history and the current interest in ℓ− open heavy ﬂavour comes from loop eﬀects: no FCNC = charm ℓ+ ⇒ ∃ B mixing = large mt b s ⇒ t

u, d u, d

Bruce Yabsley (Sydney) Heavy flavour physics CoEPP/Cairns 2013/07/10 9 / 24 B-factories’ flagship programme: time-dependent CP violation analyses CPV in interf. of decay & mixing (loops!) open unitarity triangle: large effects confirmed KM picture of CPV searches for non-SM effects due to competing (mostly loop) amplitudes

open ﬂavour loops Loops and all that

Much of the history and the current interest in ℓ− open heavy ﬂavour comes from loop eﬀects: no FCNC = charm ℓ+ ⇒ ∃ B mixing = large mt ⇒ b s loops such as b s`+` are likewise t → − sensitive to further new (heavy) particles, u, d u, d incl. those beyond current direct reach

open ﬂavour loops Loops and all that

Much of the history and the current interest in 1

L 0.5 open heavy ﬂavour comes from loop eﬀects: F 0 no FCNC = charm 1 0.5

⇒ ∃ FB B mixing = large m A ⇒ t 0 + loops such as b s` `− are likewise 1 I

→ A sensitive to further new (heavy) particles, 0

-1 incl. those beyond current direct reach 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 q2(GeV2/c2)

Bruce Yabsley (Sydney) Heavy flavour physics CoEPP/Cairns 2013/07/10 9 / 24 open unitarity triangle: large effects confirmed KM picture of CPV searches for non-SM effects due to competing (mostly loop) amplitudes

open ﬂavour loops Loops and all that

Much of the history and the current interest in 1

L 0.5 open heavy ﬂavour comes from loop eﬀects: F 0 no FCNC = charm 1 0.5

⇒ ∃ FB B mixing = large m A ⇒ t 0 + loops such as b s` `− are likewise 1 I

→ A sensitive to further new (heavy) particles, 0

-1 incl. those beyond current direct reach 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 q2(GeV2/c2) B-factories’ ﬂagship programme: time-dependent CP violation analyses __ ( l,d) * Vtd V tb CPV in interf. of decay & mixing (loops!) * Vud V ub q = _ * 2 Vcd V cb * Vcd V cb

q3 = a q1 = `

( 0,0) ( 1,0)

Bruce Yabsley (Sydney) Heavy flavour physics CoEPP/Cairns 2013/07/10 9 / 24 confirmed KM picture of CPV searches for non-SM effects due to competing (mostly loop) amplitudes

open ﬂavour loops Loops and all that

Much of the history and the current interest in 1

L 0.5 open heavy ﬂavour comes from loop eﬀects: F 0 no FCNC = charm 1 0.5

⇒ ∃ FB B mixing = large m A ⇒ t 0 + loops such as b s` `− are likewise 1 I

→ A sensitive to further new (heavy) particles, 0

q3 = a q1 = `

( 0,0) ( 1,0)

Bruce Yabsley (Sydney) Heavy ﬂavour physics CoEPP/Cairns 2013/07/10 9 / 24 searches for non-SM eﬀects due to competing (mostly loop) amplitudes

open ﬂavour loops Loops and all that

Much of the history and the current interest in 1

L 0.5 open heavy ﬂavour comes from loop eﬀects: F 0 no FCNC = charm 1 0.5

⇒ ∃ FB B mixing = large m A ⇒ t 0 + loops such as b s` `− are likewise 1 I

→ A sensitive to further new (heavy) particles, 0

-1 incl. those beyond current direct reach 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 q2(GeV2/c2) B-factories’ flagship programme: time-dependent CP violation analyses CPV in interf. of decay & mixing (loops!) open unitarity triangle: large effects confirmed KM picture of CPV

Bruce Yabsley (Sydney) Heavy ﬂavour physics CoEPP/Cairns 2013/07/10 9 / 24 PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS week ending PRL 98, 031802 (2007) 19 JANUARY 2007

L 0.5 ! ofF the f0 980 line shape [18] and is included in the open heavy ﬂavour comes from loop eﬀects: consistent with the value of sin21 obtained from the background0 fraction systematic error. The dominant decay B0 J= K0 within 2 standard deviations. No direct 1 no FCNC = charm sources for Af in b sqq modes are the effects of tag- CP violation! is observed in these decay modes. Further 0.5 !

⇒ ∃ FB sideA interference [19] (0.02, 0.03, 0.04), the uncertainties in measurements with much larger data samples are required B mixing = large mt 0 ⇒ the background fraction (0.02, 0.03, 0.05), in the vertex to search for new, beyond the SM, CP-violating phases in + reconstruction (0.02 for all modes), and in the resolution loops such as b s` `− are likewise 1 the b s transition. I

→ functionA (0.02, 0.01, 0.02). We study the possible correla- ! sensitive to further new (heavy) particles, 0 We thank the KEKB group for excellent operation of the tions between , p and r PDFs used for K0 and -1 Rs=b B L accelerator, the KEK cryogenics group for efficient sole- incl. those beyond current direct reach K00 2, which 4 6 8 10are 12 neglected 14 16 18 20 in the nominal result, and 0 L q2(GeV2/c2) noid operations, and the KEK computer group and the NII B-factories’ flagship programme: time-dependent CP violation analyses for valuable computing and Super-SINET network sup- 60 port. We acknowledge support from MEXT and JSPS 150 (a) B0 → η′K0 q=+1 (b) B0 →φK0 q=+1 CPV in interf. of decay & mixing (loops!) q=−1 q=−1 (Japan); ARC and DEST (Australia); NSFC and KIP of 100 40 CAS (China); DST (India); MOEHRD, KOSEF, and KRF open unitarity triangle: large effects 50 20 (Korea); KBN (Poland); MIST (Russia); ARRS (Slovenia); Entries / 1.5 ps confirmed KM picture of CPV 0 Entries / 2.5 ps 0 SNSF (Switzerland); NSC and MOE (Taiwan); and DOE 0.5 0.5 (U.S.A.). searches for non-SM effects due to 0 0 competing (mostly loop) amplitudes -0.5 -0.5 Asymmetry Asymmetry -7.5 -5 -2.5 0 2.5 5 7.5 -7.5 -5 -2.5 0 2.5 5 7.5 -ξf∆t(ps) -ξf∆t(ps) Bruce Yabsley (Sydney) Heavy flavour physics CoEPP/Cairns 2013/07/10 9 / 24 40 (c) B0 K0K0K0 q=+1 (d) B0 J/ K0 q=+1 → S S S q=−1 400 → ψ q=−1 [1] Y. Grossman and M. P. Worah, Phys. Lett. B 395, 241 30 300 (1997); D. London and A. Soni, Phys. Lett. B 407, 61 20 200 (1997); T. Moroi, Phys. Lett. B 493, 366 (2000); D. 10 100 Chang, A. Masiero, and H. Murayama, Phys. Rev. D 67, Entries / 2.5ps / Entries 0 ps 0.5 / Entries 0 075013 (2003); S. Baek, T. Goto, Y. Okada, and K. 0.5 0.5 Okumura, Phys. Rev. D 64, 095001 (2001). 0 0 [2] A. B. Carter and A. I. Sanda, Phys. Rev. D 23, 1567 -0.5 -0.5 (1981); I. I. Bigi and A. I. Sanda, Nucl. Phys. B193, 85 Asymmetry Asymmetry -7.5 -5 -2.5 0 2.5 5 7.5 -7.5 -5 -2.5 0 2.5 5 7.5 (1981). ∆t(ps) -ξf∆t(ps) [3] M. Kobayashi and T. Maskawa, Prog. Theor. Phys. 49, 652 (1973). FIG. 3 (color online). Background-subtracted t distributions [4] N. Cabibbo, Phys. Rev. Lett. 10, 531 (1963). and asymmetries for events with good tags (r>0:5) for [5] Another naming convention 1 is also used in 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (a) B 0K , (b) B K , (c) B KSKSKS, and literatures. (d) B0 !J= K0. In the asymmetry! plots, solid! curves show [6] M. Beneke and M. Neubert, Nucl. Phys. B675, 333 the fit results;! dashed curves show the SM expectation from our (2003); M. Beneke, Phys. Lett. B 620, 143 (2005); H.-Y. B0 J= K0 measurement. Cheng, C.-K. Chua, and A. Soni, Phys. Rev. D 72, 014006 !

031802-5 hidden ﬂavour Hidden ﬂavour states

1 What we mean by “heavy ﬂavour”

2 Open ﬂavour states

3 Hidden ﬂavour states Heavy quarks and quarkonium spectroscopy Quarkonium as a tool “XYZ”: The anomalous hidden-ﬂavour states

4 Facilities for heavy ﬂavour studies

5 Summary

Bruce Yabsley (Sydney) Heavy ﬂavour physics CoEPP/Cairns 2013/07/10 10 / 24 charm explains FCNC . . . and is seen as an active ﬂavour [’76]; positronium-like cc states, charmonium, also form [’75]:

beauty similarly forms bb, “bottomonium” (!) states [’77]

Bruce Yabsley (Sydney) Heavy ﬂavour physics CoEPP/Cairns 2013/07/10 11 / 24 positronium-like cc states, charmonium, also form [’75]:

beauty similarly forms bb, “bottomonium” (!) states [’77]

hidden ﬂavour spectroscopy Heavy quarks and quarkonium spectroscopy Image credit: Tord Johansson (Uppsala), Excited QCD 2012 quarks explain eightfold way etc. . . . and are manifest in DIS [ ’70] ∼ charm explains FCNC . . . and is seen as an active ﬂavour [’76];

Bruce Yabsley (Sydney) Heavy ﬂavour physics CoEPP/Cairns 2013/07/10 11 / 24 beauty similarly forms bb, “bottomonium” (!) states [’77]

Binding energy Mass [MeV]

3 [meV] ψ 3 χ (2 P2) * η 1 (3 S1) c2 DD c(3 S0) 3 Threshold h (21P ) χc(2 P1) 1 1c 1 ψ(1 D3) 3 * χc0(2 P0) ψ 1 3 DD Threshold (1 D2) ψ(1 D2)

ψ 3 DD Threshold (1 D1)

ψ 3 1 (2 S1) ηc(2 S0) 3 -4 χc2(1 P2) 10 eV 1 h1c(1 P1) 3 χc1(1 P1)

3 χc0(1 P0)

8 10-4 eV 93 keV ψ 3 1 J/ (1 S1) ηc(1 S0) narrow states

4 " s (r)!c Bruce YabsleyCoulomb-like (Sydney) potential:Heavy V ﬂavour(r)!= physics! CoEPP/Cairns+ kr!!!!;!k # 2013/07/100.9!GeV/fm 11 / 24 3 r

7 hidden ﬂavour spectroscopy Heavy quarks and quarkonium spectroscopy Image credit: Tord Johansson (Uppsala), Excited QCD 2012 quarks explain eightfold way etc. . . . and are manifest in DIS [ ’70] ∼ charm explains FCNC . . . and is seen as an active ﬂavour [’76]; positronium-like cc states, charmonium, also form [’75]:

Mass (MeV)

11100 ϒ(11020)

10900 ϒ(10860) Thresholds: ππ BsBs 10700 B*B* ϒ(4S) χ (3P) b BB 10500 ππ ππ ϒ(3S) η (3S) b χ (2P) 10300 χ (2P) b2 ππ ππ hb (2P) χ (2P) b1 b0 3 ϒ(1 D2)

10100 ππ ω ππ ππ ϒ(2S) 0 π π η (2S) π b h (1P) χ (1P) χ (1P) b b1 b2 9900 χ (1P) ππ ππ b0 KK η

9700 ππ η

9500 η (1S) b ϒ(1S)

9300 J PC = 0− + 1− − 1+ − 0+ + 1+ + 2+ + 2− − beauty similarly forms bb, “bottomonium” (!) states [’77]

Bruce Yabsley (Sydney) Heavy ﬂavour physics CoEPP/Cairns 2013/07/10 11 / 24 hidden ﬂavour tool Quarkonium as a tool

e+e γ (QQ) can be used to produce other states: − → ∗ → (res) Υ(4S) B+B , B0B 0 (coherent) for B, CPV studies → − [Belle and BaBar] + 0 0 ψ(3770) equivalent D D−, D D programme [CLEO-c, BESIII] J/ψ, ψ(2S) study of decays and transitions to other cc [BESII/III, . . . ] Υ(2S, 3S) decays and transitions; NP searches [CLEO, Belle, BaBar] 0 0 Υ(5S) Bs Bs physics programme, incl. CPV [Belle]

The ψ, Υ `+` signature is self-tagging: { } → − triggering b-hadron physics analyses

Bruce Yabsley (Sydney) Heavy ﬂavour physics CoEPP/Cairns 2013/07/10 12 / 24 hidden ﬂavour XYZ X(3872), Y(4260): anomalous hidden-charm (1) from my review for Beauty 2006 / Oxford xford + + “solved”hy subjectsics 2003: forX two(3872) decades,discovery until unexpectedin B K statesX(3872) π+π ψ seen: → → − Belle: S.-K.Choi, S.L.Olsen, et al., PRL 91, 262001 (2003)

3D fits to ψ! (to fix params) & M + [3770, 3970] MeV (to extract signal) π π−J/ψ ∈ ns + signal region proj and the UML (Mbc, M(π π−J/ψ), ∆E) fit beam-constrained mass invariant mass energy difference

45 35 25 c) 40 a) b)

30 35 20 30 25 Events / ( 0.005 GeV ) Events / ( 0.005 GeV ) Events / ( 0.015 GeV )

25 20 15

20 15 10 15 10 10 5 5 5

0 0 0 5.2 5.21 5.22 5.23 5.24 5.25 5.26 5.27 5.28 5.29 5.3 3.82 3.84 3.86 3.88 3.9 3.92 -0.1 -0.05 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 M bc (GeV) M(J/ " !!) (GeV) #E (GeV) Gaussianconfirmations+ ARGUS bkgdof narroGaussianw X + linear bkgdsubstructuredouble-Gaussian + linear CDF PRL 93, 072001 (2004) concentration high M(π+π ) → − D0 PRL 93, 162002 (2004) favouring X(3872) ρJ/ψ → BaBar PRL 71, 071103 (2005) and hence C = +1 Beauty2006/Oxford New charmonium-like states Bruce Yabsley Bruce Yabsley (Sydney) Heavy flavour physics CoEPP/Cairns 2013/07/10 13 / 24 hidden flavour XYZ X(3872), Y(4260): anomalous hidden-charm (1) from my review for Beauty 2006 / Oxford xford “solved”hy subjectsics 2004: forX two(3872) decades,charmonium until unexpectedexclusions states π+π ψ seen: → − MESON 2004: “Search for a charmonium assignment for the X(3872)” Int. J. Mod. Phys. A20, 240–249 (2005) [arXiv:hep-ex/0407033]

X is narrow & X DD [R. Chistov et al., PRL 93, 051803 (2004)] • P C !→++ ++ + + disfavours J = 0 , 1−−, 2 , . . . [N.B. 0 −, 1− , . . . exotic] run through low-J charmonia with unnatural J P : • P C state alias J Mpred Γpred comment 3 1 D2 ψ2 2−− 3838 0.7 Mass wrong; Γγχc1 too small 1 + 2 P1 h 1 3953 1.6 Ruled out by cos θ distribution c" − | J/ψ| 24 3 35 1 D3 ψ3 3−− 3849 4.8 M, Γ wrong; Γγχc2 too22 small; J too high 30 a) 20 1 + + 18 b) 1 2 3837 025 9 ( ) expected16 to be very small D2 ηc2 − . π π−J/ψ 14 20 B 12 3 ++ 15 10

2 P1 χ" 1 3956 Events / ( 0.004 GeV ) 1.7 “ΓγJ/ψ too small” Events / ( 0.008 GeV ) 8 c1 10 6 1 + 5 4 3 S η 0 4060 20 Mass and width are wrong2 0 "" − 0 0 c 5.2 5.21 5.22 5.23 5.24 5.25 5.26 5.27 5.28 5.29 5.3 3.58 3.6 3.62 3.64 3.66 3.68 3.7 3.72 3.74 3.76 3.78 ∼ Mbc (GeV) M("!c1) (GeV)

10 12 c) d) Γ(X γχc1) 8 10 0 89 (90%) 8 → < . 6 Γ(X ππψ) 6 4 Events / ( 0.01 GeV )

→ Events / ( 0.005 GeV ) 4 2 cf. ψ2: > 1.6 2

0 0 5.2 5.21 5.22 5.23 5.24 5.25 5.26 5.27 5.28 5.29 5.3 3.78 3.8 3.82 3.84 3.86 3.88 3.9 3.92 3.94 3.96 Mbc (GeV) M("!c1) (GeV) [potential / ψ!! Wigner-Eckart] Beauty2006/Oxford New charmonium-like states Bruce Yabsley Bruce Yabsley (Sydney) Heavy ﬂavour physics CoEPP/Cairns 2013/07/10 13 / 24 hidden ﬂavour XYZ X(3872), Y(4260): anomalous hidden-charm (1) from my review for Beauty 2006 / Oxford xford hysics + + + “solved” subjectY(4260): for twodiscovery decades, untilin e unexpectede− γISRπ statesπ−J/ψ π π ψ seen: → → − BaBar: B. Aubert et al., PRL 95, 142001 (2005) π+π "+" vtx, ψ-mass constraint M(π+π J/ψ) 4260 MeV; sideband − − − ∼ −

2 40

104 4 /c

3 2 10 20 30 102

10 1 10 20 3.6 3.8 4 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5 Events / 20 MeV/c

0 10 Events / 0.1 GeV

0 -10 3.8 4 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5 0 5 2 4 + - 2 2 m(" " J/!) (GeV/c ) mRec (GeV /c ) BW fit; can’t rule out > 1 state M 2 [ 1.04, +3.27] GeV2 (e+e ) recoil ∈ − − 2 + 125 23 events Mrecoil [ 1.04, +1.25] GeV (µ µ ) ± ∈ − − +2 ns M = (4259 8 6 ) MeV other dist studied . . . ± − Γ = (88 23+6) MeV . . . good agreement with MC ± 4 −+ + +0.8 Γ(Y (4260) e e−) (Y (4260) π π−J/ψ) = (5.5 1.0 0.7 ) eV → ×B → ± − Beauty2006/Oxford New charmonium-like states Bruce Yabsley Bruce Yabsley (Sydney) Heavy flavour physics CoEPP/Cairns 2013/07/10 13 / 24 hidden flavour XYZ

0 1 X (3872) Y (3940) Y (4260) Z 2006 ’07–10 ’11: X ∆M Γ JPC M(ππ) status X(3872), Y(4260): anomalous≤ hidden-charm± (2) from my review for QWG 2011 / Darmstadt X(3872): the new state of play at October 2011 adaptedindustry from Beauty in study 2006: of X Nucl.(3872); Phys. there (Proc. are Suppl.) still 170, important 248–253 unknowns(2007) + narrow; prominent π π−ψ decay [Belle discovery; CDF, D0, BaBar] + (X π π−ψ) > 4.2% [BaBar inclusive, PRD 71,031501] B → Γ < 1.2 MeV (90% C.L.) [Belle PRD 84,052004] ∆ σ 0 [private WA; S < 1] M = (3871.71 0.19)MeV =(mD + mD∗ ) n ± pp prod : (16 5 2)% b-decay, rest prompt; “ψ -like” [CDF] ± ± X ± still not seen: not an isovector [BaBar; Belle PRD 84,052004] 0 + C-even, from X γψ [Belle, BaBar] and π π π−ψ [Belle] → + X ρψ dominates, L =0, 1 [CDF &BelleM(π π−)] PC→ ++ + 0 + J =1 or 2− [CDF &Belleangular; note BaBar π π π−ψ ] + 0 B vs B K X : ∆M disfavoured [BaBar &Belle] → 0 0 0 large (X ( γ, π D ) 0 D ) [Belle &BaBar] D∗ B → 0 {0 } + 0 loose ends: π π ψ, γψ , π π η , γ, π DD lineshape − c { } — radiative (disputed) & lineshape crucial for structure

Bruce Yabsley (Sydney) Bruce YabsleyHeavy ﬂavourXYZ physics spectroscopy at BelleCoEPP/Cairns 2013/07/10 14 / 24 hidden ﬂavour XYZ X(3872), Y(4260): anomalous hidden-charm (3) LHCb resolution of JPC question, arXiv:1302.6269 [hep-ex] → PRL

313 26 B+ K +X (3872) events ± →

ψ(2S) X(3872) 1200 1200 70 60 1000 1000 50 800 40 800 600 30 400 600 20 200 10 400 0 550 600 0 750 800 Number of candidates / (2.5 MeV) 200 LHCb

0 600 800 1000 1200 1400 M(π+π-J/ψ) - M(J/ψ) [MeV]

Bruce Yabsley (Sydney) Heavy ﬂavour physics CoEPP/Cairns 2013/07/10 15 / 24 hidden ﬂavour XYZ X(3872), Y(4260): anomalous hidden-charm (3) LHCb resolution of JPC question, arXiv:1302.6269 [hep-ex] → PRL

ratio test statistic from 5D angular distn, accumulated over those events L 107 LHCb 106 Simulated JPC=2-+ Simulated JPC=1++ 105

104 tdata Number of experiments / bin 103

102

-200 -100 0 100 200 t = -2 ln[ L(2-+)/L(1++) ]

distribution of single-event ratio statistic L 350 Data LHCb 300 Simulated JPC=1++ Simulated JPC=2-+ 250

200

Density of signal events 150

100

0 -4 -2 0 2 4 - ln[ P(2-+) / P(1++) ]

Bruce Yabsley (Sydney) Heavy ﬂavour physics CoEPP/Cairns 2013/07/10 15 / 24 discussion reopened: [’t Hooft, Isidori, Maiani, Polosa, Riquer, PLB 08]

date

2006

2003 2013 2009 2009

3 weeks old 2005 2005 [talk yesterday by Yaqian Wang] 2005 2008 2005 2007 last weeks of Belle 2008 2007 2008 2008 2007

2011 2011 2008

Light states [PDG] : now 500 a0(980) in 1965, σ(600) in 1972, f0(980) in 1979, κ(980) in 1997

hidden ﬂavour XYZ “XYZ”: “Jefe, what is a plethora?” currentExotica listing, from Christian Hambrock (Dortmund), at Beauty 2013 Belle & others [Zupanc et al. 09] , [Bondar et al., PRL 12] , [Liu et al., 13] , [Ablikim et al., 13]

State M (MeV) Γ (MeV) JPC Decay Modes Production Modes Also observed by + e e− (ISR) Ys(2175) 2175 8 58 26 1−− φf0(980) J/ψ ηYs(2175) BaBar∗, BESII ± ± + → π π−J/ψ, BaBar X(3872) 3871.4 0.6 < 2.3 1++ γJ/ψ,DD¯ B KX(3872), pp¯ CDF, D0 ± ∗ → Z(3900) 3899 6 46 22 1+ π J/ψ Z(4260) Z(3900)π BESIII ± ± ± → ∗ X(3915) 3914 4 28+12 0/2++ ωJ/ψ γγ X(3915) ± 14 → Z(3930) 3929 5 29− 10 2++ DD¯ γγ Z(3940) ± ± ¯ ¯ → DD∗ (not DD X(3940) 3942 9 37 17 0?+ or ωJ/ψ) e+e J/ψX(3940) ± ± − → Y(3940) 3943 17 87 34 ??+ ωJ/ψ (not DD¯ ) B KY(3940) BaBar ± ± ∗ → Y(4008) 4008+82 226+97 1 π+π J/ψ e+e (ISR) 49 80 −− − − − − X(4160) 4156 29 139+113 0?+ D D¯ (not DD¯ ) e+e J/ψX(4160) ± 65 ∗ ∗ − → Y(4260) 4264 12 83 −22 1 π+π J/ψ e+e (ISR) BaBar , CLEO ± ± −− − − ∗ Y(4350) 4361 13 74 18 1 π+π ψ e+e (ISR) BaBar ± ± −− − − ∗ X(4630) 4634+9 92+41 1 Λ+Λ e+e (ISR) 11 32 −− c c− − Y(4660) 4664− 12 48− 15 1 π+π ψ e+e (ISR) ± ± −− − − Z(4050) 4051+24 82+51 ? π χ B KZ (4050) 23 29 ± c1 → ± − − Z(4250) 4248+185 177+320 ? π χ B KZ (4250) 45 72 ± c1 → ± − − Z(4430) 4433 5 45+35 ? π ψ B KZ (4430) ± 18 ± → ± − Z (10610) 10, 607 2 18.4 2.4 1+ π h (1, 2P), π Υ(1, 2, 3S) Y /Υ(5S) Z (10610)π b ± ± ± b ± b → b Z (10650) 10, 652 2 11.5 2.2 1+ π h (1, 2P), π Υ(1, 2, 3S) Y /Υ(5S) Z (10650)π b ± ± ± b ± b → b Y (10890) 10, 890 3 55 9 1 π+π Υ(1, 2, 3S) e+e Y b ± ± −− − − → b

note in particular charged and hidden beauty ﬁnal states

Bruce Yabsley (Sydney) Heavy ﬂavour physics CoEPP/Cairns 2013/07/10 16 / 24 Christian Hambrock (TU Dortmund) Heavy Multiquark States Bologna, 8-12 April 2013 2 / 22 discussion reopened: [’t Hooft, Isidori, Maiani, Polosa, Riquer, PLB 08]

date

2006

2003 2013 2009 2009

3 weeks old 2005 2005 [talk yesterday by Yaqian Wang] 2005 2008 2005 2007 last weeks of Belle 2008 2007 2008 2008 2007

2011 2011 2008

Light states [PDG] : now 500 a0(980) in 1965, σ(600) in 1972, f0(980) in 1979, κ(980) in 1997

note in particular charged and hidden beauty ﬁnal states

date

2006

2003 2013 2009 2009

3 weeks old 2005 2005 [talk yesterday by Yaqian Wang] 2005 2008 2005 2007 last weeks of Belle 2008 2007 2008 2008 2007

2011 2011 2008

Light states [PDG] : now 500 a0(980) in 1965, σ(600) in 1972, f0(980) in 1979, κ(980) in 1997

note in particular charged and hidden beauty ﬁnal states

Bruce Yabsley (Sydney) Heavy ﬂavour physics CoEPP/Cairns 2013/07/10 16 / 24 Christian Hambrock (TU Dortmund) Heavy Multiquark States Bologna, 8-12 April 2013 2 / 22 molecules D∗D: more tetraquarks ccqq: a forest of new states hidden beauty analogues expected: PhD project of Cameron Cuthbert hybrids: many partners; some manifestly exotic + + + (0 −, 1− , 2 −, . . . ); hard to see — look in pp

hidden ﬂavour XYZ “XYZ”: Corrolaries

There are many explanations for these states; this is lovely. However all such explanations have further consequences:

Bruce Yabsley (Sydney) Heavy ﬂavour physics CoEPP/Cairns 2013/07/10 17 / 24 tetraquarks ccqq: a forest of new states hidden beauty analogues expected: PhD project of Cameron Cuthbert hybrids: many partners; some manifestly exotic + + + (0 −, 1− , 2 −, . . . ); hard to see — look in pp

hidden ﬂavour XYZ “XYZ”: Corrolaries

There are many explanations for these states; this is lovely. However all such explanations have further consequences:

molecules D∗D: more

Bruce Yabsley (Sydney) Heavy ﬂavour physics CoEPP/Cairns 2013/07/10 17 / 24 hidden beauty analogues expected: PhD project of Cameron Cuthbert hybrids: many partners; some manifestly exotic + + + (0 −, 1− , 2 −, . . . ); hard to see — look in pp

hidden ﬂavour XYZ “XYZ”: Corrolaries

There are many explanations for these states; this is lovely. However all such explanations have further consequences:

molecules D∗D: more tetraquarks ccqq: a forest of new states

Bruce Yabsley (Sydney) Heavy ﬂavour physics CoEPP/Cairns 2013/07/10 17 / 24 hybrids: many partners; some manifestly exotic + + + (0 −, 1− , 2 −, . . . ); hard to see — look in pp

hidden ﬂavour XYZ “XYZ”: Corrolaries

There are many explanations for these states; this is lovely. However all such explanations have further consequences:

+ - Search for Xbπ π ϒ(1S) at ATLAS molecules D∗D: more Cameron Cuthbert, Bruce Yabsley

Transions between states (LHCb-PAPER-2013-001) Quarkonia § ππ, π, η, γ etc. Exocs – X(3872), X ? § Simple potenal models à predict most bquarkonia § Electrically charged parcles form bound states § Characterisc angular distribuons § § Atoms, positronium etc § Use to find L,J,P,C Recent 10 years – 10s of new, unexpected parcles tetraquarks ccqq: § Well-defined quantum numbers – L,J,m etc § In ππ, characterisc m distribuon § Do not fit into potenal model ππ § Molecules – composed of atoms bound together § Charmonium is most well-studied experimentally § Strongly-`charged’ parcles form bound states § Most well-studied is the X(3872) in π+π-ψ(1S) § Baryons (qqq), Mesons (q,qbar), molecules etc? + - ++ § Heavy Flavour States § Branching fracon to π π ψ(1S) too high for 1 Charmonium a forest of new states § Simplest case § Quantum numbers confirmed as JPC = 1++ (LHCb-PAPER-2013-001) (PhysRevLe.110.252002) § can be treated non-rel. § Produced in pp collisions § Well-defined L,J,m,P,C. § Another is the Y(4260) in π+π-ψ(1S) § “Charmonium” – c,cbar § Is above strong decay threshold, but B(àπ+π-ψ(1S)) is significant. § “Boomonium” – b,bbar “Boomonium” § Insights into QCD at IR scale § What are these? Molecules (e.g. m(D0)+m(D*0) = 3876 MeV)? Tetraquarks? § hidden beauty analogues Symmetry of b,c => Xb, Yb should show up in boomonium spectrum p ϒ(1S) selecon - X + µ b π π+π- selecon § 9110.3 < m(µ+µ-) < 9810.3 MeV. Each event typically contains 100s of pions. This expected: PhD project of § The muons are also used for triggering. + - ϒ(1S) § pT > 5 GeV p results in a similar number of viable π π pairs. 45000 ATLAS § Rapidity, |y|<2.4 Two opons: Work in Progress 40000 § § Use them all – all candidates 35000 9500 < m <11200 MeV Cameron Cuthbert 30000 + § 2 § Try to pick the signal – candidate selecon Vertex fit with fixed m(µµ)=m1S, χ <20 - 25000 Non-1S Component µ π 20000 (1S) Component

15000 (2S) Component

10000 160 ATLAS Work in Progress 5000 140 Background Modeling for Spectrum for 2011 data 120 0 100 + - 8600 8800 9000 9200 9400 9600 9800 10000102001040010600 Reﬂecon ϒ(3S)àπ π ϒ(2S) ATLAS 80 + - + - + - m(µ µ ) [MeV] 60 m(µ µ π π ) 40 (àϒ(1S)X) 6 20

ATLAS Work in Progress ATLAS Work in Progress 9770 9780 9790 9800 9810 9820 - 80000 m(+ (1S)) [MeV] 5 Candidate Selection 350 60000 ATLAS § Non-1S Component § Inclusive-1S Component 250 ATLAS Work in Progress 300 Work in Progress 40000 4 All Candidates 200 § Muons not from ϒ(1S)àµµ § Muons are from ϒ(1S)àµµ, pions not 250 150 20000 ϒ(2S) 200 § Hard to study with MC § Can be studied with MC Local Significance 100 0 3 150 50 9800 10000 10200 10400 10600 10800 11000 11200 100 § Model with µµ from le side-band: m(+ - (1S)) [MeV] § Needs some adjustments 0 2 9960 9980 10000 10020 10040 10060 10080 10100 300 350 400 450 500 550 - m(+ (1S)) [MeV] m(+ -) [MeV] § Right side-band contaminated by ϒ(2S) 80000 § pT, |y| of {µµ} reweighted to ATLAS Work in Progress 70000 1800 350 ATLAS Work in Progress measured differenal cross-secon 1 ATLAS Work in Progress § p , |y| of {µµππ} is adjusted to account 60000 300 T 1600 50000 250 § 200 for difference 40000 {ππ} kinemacs also reweighted 1400 9800 10000 10200 10400 10600 10800 11000 ϒ(3S) 150 30000 1200 100 § {ππ} kinemacs also reweighted 20000 § Scaled to correct normalisaon Mass [MeV] 50 10000 1000 0 § Scaled to correct normalisaon 0 9800 10000 10200 10400 10600 10800 11000 11200 Confirmed ϒ(2S), ϒ(3S) – next we look for X 10280 10300 10320 10340 10360 10380 10400 10420 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 b + - m( + - (1S)) [MeV] m( + - (1S)) [MeV] m( ) [MeV]

Bruce Yabsley (Sydney) Heavy ﬂavour physics CoEPP/Cairns 2013/07/10 17 / 24 hidden ﬂavour XYZ “XYZ”: Corrolaries

There are many explanations for these states; this is lovely. However all such explanations have further consequences:

Particle production in pp interaction molecules D∗D: more tetraquarks ccqq: a forest of new states Formation: hidden beauty analogues expected: PhD project of Cameron Cuthbert AllParticle JPC allowed production for ( q in q pp) are interaction accessible in pp hybrids: many partners; some manifestly exotic + + + Production: (0 −, 1− , 2 −, . . . ); c.f. Only JPC = 1-- allowed in e+e- hard to see — look in pp

JPC not allowed for ( q q ) possible 5 Good hunting ground for exotics Bruce Yabsley (Sydney) Heavy ﬂavour physics CoEPP/Cairns 2013/07/10 17 / 24

Fluxtube Hybrids

-- +- q q Gluon 1 (TM) 1 (TE) 1 -+ ++ -- S0, 0 1 1

3 -- +- -+ S1, 1 0 0 1+- 1-+ Exotic 2+- 2-+ 11

All JPC allowed, including non- ( q q ) formation of molecular states or appearance of tetraquarks? meson loop eﬀects distorting “normal” cc states? (note this won’t explain a supernumerary state like Y (4260)) distortion of cross-sections as new channels open? interference eﬀects?

X (3872) has several production modes, decays; angular analysis + Y (4260) is a clear peak above low, simple background in e e− many other XYZ seen in only one mode, some in multibody decays some have no conﬁrmation

stat. signif. of ﬁts-with-bumps: evidence of non-trivial structure most new states seen at/above open→ ﬂavour threshold, but why?

there are varying degrees of evidence for a new state:

there are varying degrees of plausibility: new tetraquark candidates speculative until we’re sure we’ve seen one relatively little is known about production mechanism