Nuove Scoperte Nella Melid Neo-Hittita 

Nuove Scoperte Nella Melid Neo-Hittita 

Acc. Sc. Torino Quaderni, 28 (2017), 105-122, 10 Þ gg. ©,0(5&2/('Î'(//¶$&&$'(0,$ª 1XRYHVFRSHUWHQHOOD0HOLGQHRKLWWLWD 0ൺඋංඈ/ංඏൾඋൺඇං 5LDVVXQWR Dopo quarant’anni di interruzione, la Missione Archeologica della Sapienza Università di Roma ha ripreso lo scavo dell’area nord del- la collina di Arslantepe, antica Melid, presso l’odierna città di Malatya, in Turchia orientale. La lunga interruzione era dovuta alla necessità di concentrare le risorse nello scavo delle fasi più antiche: i complessi mo- numentali del Tardo Calcolitico e Tardo Uruk (IV mill. a.C.) e la sequenza completa dell’Antico Bronzo (III mill. a.C.). Si tratta di un ritorno alle origini dello scavo di Arslantepe «La collina del leone » così denominata dal leone in pietra, parte della porta della cittadella, che emergeva in super Þ cie. Il progetto della nostra ripresa ha dunque un duplice inten- to: dare alla Porta dei Leoni un contesto topogra Þ co e stratigra Þ co che tuttora le manca; e poi scendere ai livelli inferiori, per colmare il lungo periodo intercorso tra la distruzione della Porta Imperiale e la costruzio- ne della Porta dei Leoni. La campagna del 2008 ha raggiunto il primo scopo: ora sappiamo dunque che la Porta dei Leoni fu costruita alla Þ ne del IX secolo e distrutta alla Þ ne dell’VIII (appunto da Sargon II). La campagna del 2009 ha a ৼ rontato il secondo problema, scendendo al di sotto del salone a pilastri, rimuovendone una fase precedente, incon- trando poi insediamenti di squatters istallati sul rudere del grande muro di cinta post-imperiale, bruciato da un colossale incendio. Servirà ancora un'altra campagna per raggiungere il livello alla base del muro di cinta, conservato per quasi quattro metri di altezza. Ma già ora abbiamo dati storicamente importanti: dopo la Þ ne dell’impero hittita, la vicenda della città non è da ricostruire (come fatto Þ nora) nel segno della continui- tà, bensì nel segno della discontinuità, con crisi e distruzioni, abbandoni quasi totali, vicende turbolente, prima di arrivare alla grande ripresa della metà del IX secolo. In questo modo l'antica Melid si inserisce nella generale vicenda del Levante nella prima età del ferro, vicenda di una lenta ricostituzione delle strutture urbane e statali che erano entrate in crisi con la Þ ne dell'età del Tardo Bronzo e il crollo dell’impero hittita. $FFDGHPLDGHOOH6FLHQ]HGL7RULQRSURIHVVRUHHPHULWRJLjRUGLQDULRGL6WRULDGHO9LFLQR 2ULHQWHDQWLFRQHOOD6DSLHQ]D8QLYHUVLWjGL5RPD(PDLOPOLYHU#PFOLQNLW&RQIHUHQ]DWH QXWDLOIHEEUDLRWHVWRULYLVWRQHOO¶DSULOH Mario Liverani )LJ/DFROOLQDGL$UVODQWHSHYHGXWDGDOO¶HOLFRWWHUR )LJ$UVODQWHSHOD©3RUWDGHL/HRQLªSLDQWDGL/'HODSRUWH Nuove scoperte nella Melid neo-hittita 4XDOFXQRGLYRLIRUVHULFRUGHUjFKHLQXQSUHFHGHQWHLQWHUYHQWRLQTXH VWD VHGH QHO YL SDUODL GHOOH PLH ULFHUFKH VWRULFRDUFKHRORJLFKH QHO 6DKDUDOLELFRÊVWDWDTXHOODXQDEUHYHSDUHQWHVLQHOODPLDDWWLYLWjGLULFHUFD FKHULJXDUGDLQYHFHLO9LFLQR2ULHQWHHQRQLO6DKDUD8QDSDUHQWHVLGRYX WDDQHFHVVLWjRFFDVLRQDOLODJORULRVDPLVVLRQHGHOO¶8QLYHUVLWjGL5RPDQHO 6DKDUD OLELFR ULVFKLDYD OD ¿QH FRO SHQVLRQDPHQWR GHO VXR IRQGDWRUH H GL UHWWRUH )DEUL]LR 0RUL VH QRQ PH QH IRVVL SUHVR FXUD$൶GDWD SRL DSSHQD SRVVLELOH ODPLVVLRQHDPDQLSLDSSURSULDWHHSLJLRYDQLGHOOHPLH FLRqD TXHOOHGL6DYLQR'L/HUQLD VRQRWRUQDWRDRFFXSDUPLDWHPSRSLHQRGLDQWLFR 2ULHQWHHVRQRDQFKHWRUQDWRDOORVFDYRGL$UVODQWHSHSUHVVR0DODW\D O¶DQ WLFD0HOLG QHOOD7XUFKLDRULHQWDOHGRYHDYHYRJLjODYRUDWRSHUDQQL GDO DO LQWHUURPSHQGRODPLDSDUWHFLSD]LRQHDSSXQWRSHUSDVVDUH©LQ SUHVWLWRªDO6DKDUD6RQRJUDWRDOODSURI0DUFHOOD)UDQJLSDQHFKHGLULJHOR VFDYRGL$UVODQWHSHSHUDYHUPLD൶GDWRODULSUHVDGHOORVFDYRQHOO¶DUHDQRUG GHOODFROOLQDOjGRYHHPHUJRQRLUHVWLGHOSHULRGRQHRKLWWLWD )LJ 7HQJRD ULQJUD]LDUHODSURI)UDQJLSDQHQRQVRORSHUOD¿GXFLDPDDQFKHSHUODFRQWL QXDFRQVXOHQ]DLO'RWW)HGHULFR0DQXHOOLPLRFRPSDJQRG¶LPSUHVDHWXWWL FRORURFKHKDQQRFROODERUDWRLO'RWW$QGUHD5LFFLOD'RWW/XLVD%DUEDWR HLO'RWW&RUUDGR$OYDURFKHKDGLUHWWRLOODYRURWRSRJUD¿FRHVHJXLWRGDOOD 'RWW*LXOLD'H3HUVLLV /¶DUHDQRUGGHOODFROOLQDGL$UVODQWHSHHUDJLjVWDWDVFDYDWDGDOOD0LVVLRQH ,WDOLDQDQHJOLDQQL¶SULPDGLXQDOXQJDLQWHUUX]LRQH GLDQQLGDODO GRYXWDDOODQHFHVVLWjGLFRQFHQWUDUHOHULVRUVHXPDQHH¿QDQ]LDULHQHOOR VFDYRGHOOHIDVLSLDQWLFKHLFRPSOHVVLPRQXPHQWDOLGHO7DUGR&DOFROLWLFRH 7DUGR8UXN ,9PLOOD& FKHKDQQRUHVRLOVLWRFHOHEUHQHOPRQGRDUFKHRORJLFR LQWHUQD]LRQDOHHSRLODVHTXHQ]DFRPSOHWDGHOO¶$QWLFR%URQ]R ,,,PLOOD& FKH QRQKDO¶HJXDOHLQWXWWDODUHJLRQH 0DDQFKHODULSUHVDGHOORVFDYRGHOO¶DUHDQRUG VLSURVSHWWDGLJUDQGHLQWHUHVVH6LWUDWWDLQUHDOWjGLXQULWRUQRDOOHRULJLQLQHOOR VFDYRGL$UVODQWHSH©/DFROOLQDGHOOHRQHªFRVuGHQRPLQDWDGDOOHRQHLQSLHWUD HOHPHQWRGHFRUDWLYRQHOODSRUWDGHOODFLWWDGHOODFKHHPHUJHYDLQVXSHU¿FLH HFKHIXIRWRJUDIDWRIUDO¶DOWURQHOGDOODFHOHEUH*HUWUXGH%HOOLQYLDJ JLRYHUVROD0HVRSRWDPLD1HJOLDQQL¶GHOVHFRORVFRUVR/RXLV'HODSRUWH VFDYzDSSXQWR©/DSRUWHGHVOLRQVª FRPHHJOLLQWLWROzODSXEEOLFD]LRQHGHO PRQXPHQWR )LJ FKHSRLYHQQHWUDVSRUWDWDDO0XVHRGL$QNDUDGRYHDQ FRUDRJJLIXQJHGDLQJUHVVRPRQXPHQWDOHDOVDORQHFHQWUDOH6XOODEDVHGHOOR 0)UDQJLSDQH Arslantepe 0LODQR(DG Arslantepe. Cretulae 5RPD /'HODSRUWH Malatya I. La porte des lions 3DULVDQFKH,G La troisième campagne de fouilles à Malatya LQ©5HYXH+LWWLWHHW$VLDQLTXHªSS Mario Liverani )LJ$UVODQWHSHODSRUWDKLWWLWDLPSHULDOHIRWRHSLDQWD VRYUDSSRVWDDOOD©3RUWDGHL/HRQLª Nuove scoperte nella Melid neo-hittita VWLOHGHLULOLHYLVFROSLWLHGHOOHLVFUL]LRQLDOODSRUWDYHQQHDVVHJQDWDXQDGDWD PROWRDOWDDOOD¿QHGHO,,PLOOHQQLRD& 0DODSRUWDHUDDQFRUDLQXVRPH]]R PLOOHQQLRGRSRTXDQGR6DUJRQ,,GLVWUXVVHODFLWWjQHOD&HGDQFKHOD SRVL]LRQHVWUDWLJUD¿FD SXUFRQOHLPSUHFLVLRQLGLDOORUD QRQVHPEUDYDDVVH JQDUHDOPRQXPHQWRXQDGDWDFRVuDOWD,QL]LzGXQTXHODULFHUFDGLXQDSRUWD DQWHULRUHRGLXQDIDVHDQWHULRUHGHOODVWHVVDSRUWDGDOODTXDOHLULOLHYLIRVVH URVWDWLSUHOHYDWLSHUHVVHUHULXWLOL]]DWLLQTXHOODVFDYDWDGDO'HODSRUWH1HJOL DQQL¶ODFHUFzLQYDQR&ODXGH6FKDH൵HU LOIDPRVRVFDYDWRUHGL8JDULW PDQRQRVWDQWHOHHQRUPLHSURIRQGHWULQFHHGDOXLIDWWHDSULUHVXWXWWRLOVLWR DVSRUWDQGRVHQ]DULJXDUGRDOFXQRHGL¿FLDQFKHLPSRUWDQWLHSRLODVFLDQGRLO WXWWRLQHGLWR QRQODWURYz1HJOLDQQL¶TXDQGRLQL]LzDGRSHUDUHODPLV VLRQH LWDOLDQD GLUHWWD GD 6DOYDWRUH 3XJOLVL LQL]LDOPHQWH FRQ OD SUHVHQ]D GL 3LHUR0HULJJLFKHVSHUDYDGLWURYDUHLVFUL]LRQLKLWWLWHJHURJOL¿FKHPDFKHEHQ SUHVWRVLVFRUDJJLz 3DROR(PLOLR3HFRUHOODDSSURIRQGuORVFDYRHWURYzOD 3RUWD,PSHULDOH )LJ SURSULRVRWWRDGRYHHUDVWDWDOD3RUWDGHL/HRQL PD TXHVWD3RUWD,PSHULDOHHUDWURSSRDQWLFDHQRQDEEDVWDQ]DVSRJOLDWDSHUSRWHUOD LGHQWL¿FDUHFRQTXHOODGDFXLSURYHQLVVHURLULOLHYL ,OIDWWRqFKHWUDLOOLYHOORGHOOD3RUWD,PSHULDOHHTXHOORGHOOD3RUWDGHL /HRQLVLLQWHUSRQHLOOLYHOORFRUULVSRQGHQWHDGXQJURVVRPXURGLFLQWDLQPDW WRQLFUXGLVXEDVDPHQWRLQSLHWUDPXURFKHYHQQHSUHVXPLELOPHQWHPHVVRLQ OXFHJLjGDOOR6FKDH൵HUHFKHRUDqEHQYLVLELOH SHUXQDO]DWRGLTXDWWURPHWUL VXOSHQGLRGHOODFROOLQD4XHVWRPXURFKHYDD¿QLUHSURSULRVRSUDDOOD3RUWD ,PSHULDOH HGXQTXHSURSULRVRWWROD3RUWDGHL/HRQL GRYHYDDYHUHFHUWDPHQ WHDQFK¶HVVRXQDSRUWDSURSULRLQTXHOORVWHVVRSXQWRGRYHFRQYHUJRQRLGXH WUDWWLVXSHUVWLWLGHOPXUR4XHVWDSRUWDSHUzSURSULRSHUHVVHUHVWDWDVSRJOLDWD GHLVXRLODVWURQLLQSLHWUDVFROSLWLRHUDGHOWXWWRPDQFDQWHRSLSUREDELOPHQWH HUDLQWDQWRFDWWLYRVWDWRGLFRQVHUYD]LRQHFKHOR6FKDH൵HU FKHLQYHULWjVFD YDYDLQPRGRDVVDLVSLFFLRHGDSSURVVLPDWLYR QRQODLQGLYLGXz2YYLDPHQWH LO3HFRUHOODWURYzO¶DUHDJLjDVSRUWDWDGHOOR6FKDH൵HUHQRQSRWpFKHDQGDUSL VRWWRWURYDQGROD3RUWD,PSHULDOH ,OSURJHWWRGHOODQRVWUDULSUHVDQRQSRWHYDQRQWHQHUFRQWRGLTXHVWDVWRULD SUHJUHVVDGHOORVFDYRLQTXHOVHWWRUHHWHQWDUGLULVROYHUHLSUREOHPLULPDVWL LQVRVSHVRROWUHRYYLDPHQWHDSRUQHGLDOWULHQXRYL FRPHVHPSUHVXFFHGH ( $NXUJDO Remarques stylistiques sur les reliefs de Malatya ,VWDQEXO ,G Späthethitische Bildkunst $QNDUDSSDQFKH:2UWKPDQQ Untersuchungen zur späthethitischen Kunst %RQQ 3( 3HFRUHOOD Malatya III. Rapporto preliminare delle campagne 1963-1968. Il livello eteo imperiale e quelli neoetei 5RPDLQSUHFHGHQ]D63XJOLVLH30HULJJL Malatya I. Rapporto preliminare delle campagne 1961 e 1962 5RPD Mario Liverani )LJ$UVODQWHSHLOJUDQGHPXUREUXFLDWRGDHVW )LJ$UVODQWHSHJOLHGL¿FLGHOOLYHOORQHRKLWWLWDQHOODSLDQWDGHO'HODSRUWH Nuove scoperte nella Melid neo-hittita ,QWHUPLQLVFKHPDWLFLFLSURSRQHYDPRXQGXSOLFHLQWHQWR,OSULPRLQWHQWR HUDTXHOORGLGDUH¿QDOPHQWHDOOD3RUWDGHL/HRQLXQFRQWHVWRWRSRJUD¿FRH VWUDWLJUD¿FRSHUULFROORFDUODQHOWHPSRHQHOORVSD]LRLQPDQLHUDFRQFUHWD 'LFR©FRQWHVWRWRSRJUD¿FRªSHUFKpODSRUWDVLDSULYDVXXQJUDQGHSLD]]DOH ODVWULFDWR )LJ VXFXLVLD൵DFFLDYDQRHGL¿FLLPSRUWDQWLGHLTXDOLSLDFHUHE EHGHWHUPLQDUHIRUPDHIXQ]LRQHLO'HODSRUWHVFDYzO¶HGL¿FLRDGRYHVWGHOOD SRUWDPDODVXDWUDJLFDPRUWHQHOFDPSRGLFRQFHQWUDPHQWRQD]LVWDJOLLPSHGu GLSXEEOLFDUOR'LFRSRL©FRQWHVWRVWUDWLJUD¿FRªSHUFKpVHODVWUDWLJUD¿DGHOOD SRUWD q SHUVD SHU VHPSUH SHUz OR VFDYR GHJOL HGL¿FL DG HVVD DVVRFLDWL SXz IRUQLUH¿QDOPHQWHDOODSRUWDVWHVVDXQDGDWD]LRQHFKHDQFRUDPDQFD/RVWLOH GHL ULOLHYL VFROSLWL RYYLDPHQWH SXz GDWDUH O¶HGL¿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¿FDWUD OD¿QHGHO,;VHFRORHOD¿QHGHOO¶9,,,/DFDPSDJQDGHOKDD൵URQWDWR LOVHFRQGRSUREOHPDLQL]LDQGRDVFHQGHUHDOGLVRWWRGHOVDORQHDSLODVWULHUL PXRYHQGRDOFXQLGHLOLYHOOLSUHFHGHQWL6HUYLUjDQFRUDXQ¶DOWUDFDPSDJQDSHU UDJJLXQJHUHLOOLYHOORDOODEDVHGHOJUDQGHPXUREUXFLDWRPDJLjRUDDEELDPR GHLGDWLVWRULFDPHQWHLPSRUWDQWLSHUFRQ¿JXUDUHODVWRULDGHOOD0HOLGQHRKLW

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