Sustainable Fishing Vessel Development by Prioritising Stakeholders Engagement in Indonesian Small-Scale Fisheries By I Putu Arta Wibawa A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Marine Science and Technology Newcastle University United Kingdom December 2016 Abstract The attempts to achieve the sustainability of fisheries sector are affected by the existence of the fishing fleets as the principal tool for fishing activities. This thesis reports on research to develop a holistic methodology for ensuring that fishing vessels working in Indonesian waters are themselves sustainable, accordingly it can support the achievement of sustainability of Indonesian fisheries sector. A sustainable fishing vessel can be simply defined as a vessel that fulfils the requirements of the three pillars of sustainability regarding the social, economic and environmental aspects throughout its life cycle. Based on the requirements for the sustainable fishing vessels, and by considering the conditions of most fishing communities in Indonesia, this research project is aimed at proposing an appropriate approach and method to the design of fishing vessels for specific fishing communities, in order to ensure that the implementation of the three pillar of sustainability are considered during the design process. The proposed approach to design a sustainable fishing vessel for a specific fishing community has been developed and tested through a case study in a selected fishing community. An 18 meters length multi-purpose fishing vessel has been designed for fishing community in East Java, Indonesia. In order to increase the acceptability of the proposed vessel, local fishers’ requirements concerning the new design have been elicited. The aesthetic characteristics of traditional fishing vessels and current fishing practices have been adopted and adapted. Furthermore, in order to ensure that the proposed vessel fulfils the requirement for a sustainable fishing vessel, the technologies that can be applied on-board have been assessed in terms of their social acceptability, economic viability and their potential negative impact to the environment. The results of Focus Group Discussions to have local fishers’ views and feedback regarding the proposed design, showed excellent responses from the local fishers. The results show that the initial approach by carefully considering local fishers requirements and conditions without ignoring the potential improvement in the future is the appropriate approach to design fishing vessels for specific fishing communities in Indonesia. i ii For Warma and Andra iii iv Acknowledgements The completion of this Thesis could not have been possible without the assistances and supports of so many people whose names may not all be enumerated. Their assistances and supports are sincerely appreciated and gratefully acknowledge. However, I would like to express my deep appreciations particularly to the following: I would like to express my most sincere gratitude to my Principal Supervisor, Professor Richard W. Birmingham, for his constant expert guidance and encouragement throughout my study and research. His expertise and knowledge have encouraged me to continuously improve my competencies in small craft design and boatbuilding. I would like to take this opportunity to acknowledge the Indonesian Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education (formerly Ministry for Education and Culture) for supporting me through the Overseas Postgraduate Studies Scholarship to pursue PhD at Newcastle University. I would like to extend my gratitude to Associate Professor Michael D. Woodward, my second supervisor before he moved to University of Tasmania, for his valuable inputs and also for introducing me with the SketchUp design software. I also would like to thank to the external examiner, Professor Anthony F. Molland, and internal examiner, Dr. Alan J. Murphy, for their review, comments and suggestion on my PhD work. I would like to thank to Mr. John Garside for the constructive discussions related to my research and for proofreading my thesis. His spirit to endlessly learning many things at his ages is very inspiring me. Thanks also go to my fellow graduate students at the School of Marine Science and Technology, Newcastle University for the friendship and continuous encouragements. I wish you all the best in your future. Finally, I would like to thank to my wife, my son, and all my family for their unconditional love and tireless support. Especially to my wife, for her patience and hardiness taking care of my son when I far away from home. v vi Table of Contents Abstract .......................................................................................................................... i Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................ v Table of Contents ......................................................................................................... vii List of Figures.............................................................................................................. xiii List of Tables ................................................................................................................xix List of Abbreviations and Symbols ........................................................................... xxi Declaration ................................................................................................................ xxiii Chapter 1. Introduction 1.1 Background ................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Aims, Objectives and Research Questions ................................................................. 7 1.3 Research Methodology in General .............................................................................. 8 1.4 Structure of the Thesis .............................................................................................. 11 Chapter 2. Sustainable Development in Fisheries and its Challenges for Indonesian Fishing Fleet 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 15 2.2 Sustainable Development in World Fisheries ........................................................... 15 2.2.1 Concept of sustainable development .............................................................. 15 2.2.2 Implementation of sustainable development in the world’s fisheries ............ 17 2.3 Sustainable Development in Indonesian Fisheries and Fishing Vessels ................... 20 2.3.1 Concept of sustainable development embodied in Indonesian development policy ............................................................................................................ 20 2.3.2 The potential and challenges involved in developing sustainable Indonesian fisheries ........................................................................................................ 22 2.3.3 Current state of Indonesian fishing vessels .................................................... 25 2.4 Concluding Remarks ................................................................................................. 27 Chapter 3. Sustainable Fishing Vessels: from Concept to Design Requirements 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 29 3.2 The Concept of Sustainable Fishing Vessels ............................................................ 29 3.3 Global Fishing Vessel Development ......................................................................... 32 3.4 Steps to Design Sustainable Fishing Vessels for Indonesia ...................................... 35 vii 3.5 Design Requirement for Sustainable Fishing Vessels .............................................. 40 3.6 Concluding Remarks ................................................................................................. 45 Chapter 4. Eliciting Fishers’ Views and the Current Conditions of Traditional Fishing Vessels 4.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 47 4.2 Field Study: Engaging with Local Stakeholders ...................................................... 48 4.3 Selected Fishing Communities ................................................................................ 49 4.4 Methodology for Collecting Data ............................................................................ 53 4.4.1 In-depth interviews ....................................................................................... 53 4.4.2 Focus Group Discussion (FGD) ................................................................... 58 4.4.3 Field observations ........................................................................................ 61 4.5 Data Documentation and Analysis ........................................................................... 61 4.6 Concluding Remarks ................................................................................................ 62 Chapter 5. Potential Alternative Technologies for Indonesian Fishing Vessels 5.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 65 5.2 Existing Technology in World Fisheries and Its Development ............................... 66 5.2.1 Construction material ..................................................................................