Timeline / 1880 to After 1930 / GERMANY Date Country Theme 1880 - 1900 Germany Fine And Applied Arts The painting by Franz von Stuck, Die Sünde (1893), exemplifies the period in art known as Post-Imperialism and Symbolism. 1880 Germany Travelling The dome of Cologne is completed (construction began in 1248). It is the tallest church building in the world at the time. 1880 - 1900 Germany Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion The era of “Naturalism” in literature (i.e. the works of Hauptmann, Holz and Schlaf) is characterised by a reality without embellishment or subjective insight (the radicalisation of realism). From 1880 Germany Migrations As the process of Industrialisation in the so-called Ruhrgebiet region develops, Polish miners and farmhands migrate to the Ruhr, which becomes a place known as Ruhrpoland. 1880 - 1914 Germany Migrations More than 5 million migrants from Russia and the Habsburg Empire journey through Germany on their way to America. Since 1880 Germany Migrations Foreign workers (especially from Austria-Hungary, Russia and Poland) arrive in the German Empire in increasing numbers to work in seasonal agriculture. From 1880 Germany Migrations Germany’s colonisation of Namibia, Tanzania, Cameroon and Togo. 1881 Germany Great Inventions Of The 19th Century Werner von Siemens develops the tram. 1882 Germany Reforms And Social Changes Robert Koch discovers the cause of tuberculosis. 1883 - 1927 Germany Travelling The warehouse district known as Speicherstadt Hamburg develops. 1883 - 1889 Germany Reforms And Social Changes Date Country Theme Imperial Chancellor Otto von Bismarck initiates German social laws and the basic system for a modern social state. 1884 Germany Reforms And Social Changes The goal in founding the Society for German Colonization was to acquire colonial territories overseas. 1884 - 1890 Germany Great Inventions Of The 19th Century Gottlieb Daimler develops the petrol engine and Rudolf Diesel invents the diesel engine. 1884 - 1885 Germany Reforms And Social Changes Germany establishes protectorates in south-west Africa, Cameroon, Togo, East Africa and New Guinea. 1886 Germany Great Inventions Of The 19th Century Karl Benz and Gottlieb Daimler invent the modern automobile. Since 1886 Germany Travelling Seven weeks after the death of King Ludwig II in 1886, Neuschwanstein Castle – built in order that the king could withdraw from public life – opened to the public. 1887 Germany Great Inventions Of The 19th Century Emil Berliner invents the phonograph. 1888 Germany Rediscovering The Past Julius Stinde writes Frau Buchholz im Orient. He has already documented the cities of Cairo, Jerusalem, Athens, and Constantinople (now Istanbul, Turkey). 1889 - 1917 Germany Travelling Kaiser Wilhelm II visits the Ottoman Empire three times, in 1889, 1898 and 1917. On his second official tour he visits Constantinople, Haifa, Jaffa, Jerusalem, Beirut and Damascus, largely to show his support for Ottoman sultan ‘Abd al-Hamid II whose Empire was already unstable. The strong connection between the countries is further cemented by a gift from the Kaiser to ‘Abd al Hamid: a “German fountain” that stands in Jerusalem to this day. 1890 - 1910 Germany Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion The era of Modern literature (i.e. the works of Hesse, Hauptmann, Mann and Zweig) is characterised by pluralism, the merging of Art Nouveau, Symbolism, Impressionism, etc. 1890 Germany Reforms And Social Changes Date Country Theme Emperor Wilhelm II dismisses Bismarck; and so begins the era of the emperor’s personal regiment. 1890 - 1910 Germany Fine And Applied Arts The paintings by Heinrich Vogeler, Das Konzert (Sommerabend) (1893), and Gustav Klimt, Der Kuss (1908), exemplify the period in art known as Jugendstil or Art Nouveau. 1890s Germany Migrations The Prussian policy of Abwehrpolitik sees Polish seasonal workers in agriculture forced to leave the German Empire during winter. 1890s - Around 1900 Germany Migrations After the United States, the German Empire was the most popular country of immigration. 1890s Germany Reforms And Social Changes Sigmund Freud formulates his theory of psychoanalysis in Vienna. 1891 Germany Reforms And Social Changes Founding of the Pan-German League (Allgemeine Deutsche Verband; since 1894 the General German Association or Alldeutscher Verband) to advance an active, nationalistic German foreign policy in Europe and overseas. 1894 Germany Great Inventions Of The 19th Century Otto Lilienthal invents the glider. 1895 Germany Great Inventions Of The 19th Century The Roentgen ray (X-Ray) is discovered by Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen. 1896 Germany International Exhibitions The Great Industrial Exposition opens at Treptower Park, south of central Berlin. 1897 - 1904 Germany Fine And Applied Arts Formation of the Kaiser-Friedrich-Museum (now the Bode Museum), proposed by Wilhelm von Bode, and built by Ernst von Ihne and Max Hasak. 1898 - 1917 Germany Rediscovering The Past Foundation of the Deutsche-Orient Gesellschaft (DOG) in Berlin is to promote research in the field of “Oriental” archaeology and bring it to a wider audience. One of the first archaeological excavations undertaken by the DOG was in Babylon, with the discovery of the Ishtar Gate (now at the Museum of the Ancient Near East in Berlin). DOG was responsible for finds at Tell el-Amarna, the capital of the Date Country Theme Pharaonic Empire where the famous bust of Queen Nefertiti was found (now at the Neues Museum). Kaiser Wilhelm II assumed patronage of DOG in 1901. 1898 - 1900 Germany Political Context Development and rearmament (Aufrüstung) of the German Navy. 1900 Germany Great Inventions Of The 19th Century Planck’s Law, which describes electromagnetic radiation. 1900 Germany Great Inventions Of The 19th Century The establishment of the beneficence “Nobel Prize” by Alfred Nobel. 1900 Germany Great Inventions Of The 19th Century Ferdinand Graf von Zeppelin invents the zeppelin, a steerable airship. 1900 - 1940 Germany Travelling Building of the "Bagdadbahn" ("Bagdad railway"), a railway- section in the Ottoman Empire with a length of around 3200 km through Turkey, Syria and Iran. Together with the "Hedjaz railway" it was built under Abdul Hamid the second. He wanted to facilitate the pilgrimage, as people could travel from Damaskus to Medina and Mekka directly. 1900 - 1940 Germany Great Inventions Of The 19th Century The Bagdadbahn (the so-called Bagdad Railway project) was built through a section of the Ottoman Empire (Turkey, Syria and Iran) and stretched for around 3,200 km. Together with the Hijaz Railway (opened 1908–closed 1920) it was constructed under the auspices of ‘Abd al-Hamid II, primarily to facilitate pilgrims wanting to travel directly from Damascus to Medina and Mecca. The German Empire was the main sponsor of this huge infrastructure project: the director of engineering was Heinrich August Meißner (responsible for several railways in the Ottoman Empire) and many German manufacturers (i.e. Friedrich von Krupp AG, and Borsig) grew as a result of its construction. However, while both railways strengthened the Sultan’s reputation, there were important military and economic uses as well, for the Ottomans were federates of the German Empire during World War I. 1903 Germany Rediscovering The Past A large part of the richly ornamented south facade of Qasr al-Mushatta – one of the most important works of early Islamic architecture – was presented as a gift from the Ottoman Sultan ‘Abd al-Hamid II to Emperor Wilhelm II and transported from Jordan to Berlin via rail and sea. Around 1914 - 1918 Germany Economy And Trade In 1914 Germany becomes the biggest industrial nation within Europe as a result of munitions production before and during World War I. Date Country Theme 1904 Germany Reforms And Social Changes Publication of Max Weber’s The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. Weber is known as the originator of social science. 1905 - 1916 Germany Great Inventions Of The 19th Century Physician Albert Einstein formulates his Theory and publishes Relativity: The Special and General Theory. 1905 Germany Migrations Foundation of the German field-workers central office (Deutsche Feldarbeiter Zentralstelle; later Deutsche Arbeitszentrale), initiated by the Prussian Ministry of Agriculture, in order to control work-based migration to Germany. 1906 Germany Reforms And Social Changes Alois Alzheimer describes a type of dementia, Alzheimer’s, for the first time. 1908 Germany Political Context Austria-Hungary annexes the Ottoman provinces of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Following international protests, Germany shows solidarity with Austria. Since 1908 Germany Reforms And Social Changes Women are admitted to study at German universities. 1910 - 1930 Germany Fine And Applied Arts Foundation of the Pergamon Museum (including the Museum of Islamic Art), conceptualised by Wilhelm von Bode, and built by Alfred Messel and Ludwig Hoffmann. 1910 Germany International Exhibitions A groundbreaking exhibition on Islamic art opens in Munich, “Ausstellung von Meisterwerken Muhammedanischer Kunst”. 1910 - 1925 Germany Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion The era of Expressionism in literature (i.e. the works of Benn, Kafka, Lasker- Schüler, Mann and Döblin) is influenced by the human experience of World War I and other influences such as Darwinism, Friedrich Nietzsche’s “despair of civilisation” and Freud’s Psychoanalytic theory. 1911 - 1913 Germany Rediscovering The Past The international reputations of the Orientalist, archaeologist and investigator of inscriptions