This item was submitted to Loughborough’s Institutional Repository by the author and is made available under the following Creative Commons Licence conditions. For the full text of this licence, please go to: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/ Intermode Final Report INTERMODE: Innovations in Demand Responsive Transport Department for Transport and Greater Manchester Passenger Transport Executive June 2004 Final Report Dr Marcus Enoch, Dr Stephen Potter, Dr Graham Parkhurst Dr Mark Smith 1 Intermode Final Report Dr Marcus Enoch, Department of Civil and Building Engineering, Loughborough University Leicestershire LE11 3TU United Kingdom. Tel: +44 (0)1509 223408. Fax: +44 (0)1509 223981. Email: [email protected]. Dr Stephen Potter Design and Innovation Department The Open University Milton Keynes MK7 6AA United Kingdom Tel: +44 (0)1908 652634. Fax: +44 (0)1908 858407. Email: [email protected]. Dr Graham Parkhurst, Faculty of the Built Environment University of the West of England Frenchay Campus Bristol BS16 1QY United Kingdom Tel: +44 (0)117 344 2133 Fax: +44 (0)117 344 3002 Email: [email protected]. Dr Mark Smith, 7, Chepstow Close, Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, CV37 9JF United Kingdom Tel/Fax: +44 (0)1789 268291 Email: [email protected]. Additional research by Mr Ross Macgregor, Dr Bruce Howard, Mr Petros Ieromonachou, Ms Nurul Leksmono, and Mr Michel Prats. 2 Intermode Final Report Table of Contents Executive Summary...............................................................................................................................12 The Intermode Study...............................................................................................................................12 Composite Cases.....................................................................................................................................12 Interchange DRT Composite Case .....................................................................................................13 Network DRT Composite Case ..........................................................................................................13 Destination-specific DRT Composite Case ........................................................................................13 Substitute DRT Composite Case ........................................................................................................14 Markets for DRT.....................................................................................................................................14 Financial performance of DRT...............................................................................................................15 Marketing DRT.......................................................................................................................................18 Key operational decisions.......................................................................................................................18 Implementation issues.............................................................................................................................19 Issues facing Government.......................................................................................................................20 Institutional, legal and regulatory.......................................................................................................20 Financial issues...................................................................................................................................21 Political...............................................................................................................................................22 Other barriers......................................................................................................................................23 Chapter 1 – Conventional public transport in the UK..........................................................................24 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................24 The role of public transport....................................................................................................................25 The Bus...................................................................................................................................................25 Regulatory structure ...........................................................................................................................26 Funding...............................................................................................................................................27 Journeys not well served by the bus ...................................................................................................27 Taxis and Private Hire Vehicles.............................................................................................................29 Community Transport Services...............................................................................................................29 Specialist Transport................................................................................................................................30 Demand Responsive Transport...............................................................................................................30 3 Intermode Final Report Chapter 2 – Demand Responsive Transport .........................................................................................32 Types of DRT ......................................................................................................................................... 32 History of DRT in UK ............................................................................................................................ 34 Government actions ............................................................................................................................... 34 The future of DRT in the UK.................................................................................................................. 36 Chapter 3 – Constructing the Composite Cases....................................................................................37 Classification of Composite Cases......................................................................................................... 37 Interchange DRT................................................................................................................................ 37 Network DRT .................................................................................................................................... 37 Destination-specific DRT .................................................................................................................. 37 Substitute DRT .................................................................................................................................. 37 Interchange DRT.................................................................................................................................... 39 Analysis of interchange Intermode DRT schemes.................................................................................. 42 Inception phase .................................................................................................................................. 42 Perpetuation phase ............................................................................................................................. 45 Interchange DRT Composite Case.....................................................................................................46 Key issues and recommended good practice ..................................................................................... 46 Network DRT ......................................................................................................................................... 48 Analysis of Network Intermode DRT Schemes....................................................................................... 50 Inception phase .................................................................................................................................. 50 Perpetuation phase ............................................................................................................................. 53 Network DRT Composite Case .........................................................................................................55 Key issues and recommended good practice ..................................................................................... 55 Destination-Specific DRT ...................................................................................................................... 55 Analysis of Destination-Specific Intermode DRT Schemes.................................................................... 56 Inception phase .................................................................................................................................. 56 Perpetuation phase ............................................................................................................................. 59 Destination-Specific DRT Composite Case....................................................................................... 59 Key issues and recommended good practice ....................................................................................