New Zealand marine protected areas Gaps analysis Department of Conservation, Ministry for the Environment, Ministry for Primary Industries, 2019. Cover: Blue maomao with cabbage coral, Kermadec Islands. Photo: James Marsden DOC - 5976037 Crown copyright 2019, New Zealand Department of Conservation In the interest of forest conservation, we support paperless electronic publishing. Contents Abstract .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 5 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6 2.1 Definitions ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 6 Territorial sea ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 6 Marine biogeographic regions (or bioregions) and habitats .................................................................................................... 6 Marine protected area networks ...................................................................................................................................................................... 6 Representativity ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6 Replication ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6 2.2 MPA policy ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7 2.3 MPA protection standard ........................................................................................................................................................................ 7 2.4 Habitat classification .................................................................................................................................................................................. 8 Coastal Classification and Mapping Scheme ....................................................................................................................................... 8 Classification of deepwater habitats ............................................................................................................................................................ 8 2.5 MPA inventory and gaps analysis: 2011 ............................................................................................................................................. 9 Methods ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 9 3.1 Mapping the habitat classification ......................................................................................................................................................... 9 3.2 Mapping existing MPAs ........................................................................................................................................................................10 3.3 Habitat representativity .........................................................................................................................................................................10 3.4 GIS analyses .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 13 3.5 Habitat replication ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 13 3.6 Limitations of the gaps analysis ....................................................................................................................................................... 14 Results ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 15 4.1 Marine protected area coverage ............................................................................................................................................................. 15 4.2 Representativity ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 15 4.3 Replication ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 15 4.4 Overview of MPAs...................................................................................................................................................................................... 16 4.5 Other spatial protection tools ................................................................................................................................................................... 16 4.6 Overview of bioregions .......................................................................................................................................................................... 20 Habitat representativity ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 21 Habitat replication in MPAs ........................................................................................................................................................................... 22 4.7 Gaps analysis by bioregion: mainland .............................................................................................................................................. 27 Western North Island ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 27 North Cook Strait..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 28 Eastern North Island ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 29 North Eastern .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 30 South Cook Strait ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 31 3 West Coast South Island .................................................................................................................................................................................... 32 Fiordland ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 33 Southern South Island ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 34 East Coast South Island ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 35 4.8 Gaps analysis by bioregion: outlying islands ....................................................................................................................... 36 Kermadec Islands .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 36 Three Kings Islands ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 36 Chatham Islands 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