APPLIED MYCOLOGY This page intentionally left blank APPLIED MYCOLOGY Edited by Mahendra Rai SGB Amravati University, India and Paul Dennis Bridge British Antarctic Survey, UK CABI is a trading name of CAB International CABI Head Office CABI North American Office Nosworthy Way 875 Massachusetts Avenue Wallingford 7th Floor Oxon OX10 8DE Cambridge, MA 02139 UK USA Tel: +44 (0)1491 832111 Tel: +1 617 395 4056 Fax: +44 (0)1491 833508 Fax: +1 617 354 6875 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.cabi.org © CAB International 2009. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Applied mycology / edited by Mahendra Rai and Paul Dennis Bridge. p. cm. ISBN 978-1-84593-534-4 (alk. paper) 1. Mycology. I. Rai, Mahendra. II. Bridge, P. D. III. Title. QK603.A647 2009 579.5--dc22 2009001597 ISBN-13: 978 1 84593 534 4 Typeset by Columns Design, Reading, UK. Printed and bound in the UK by the MPG Books Group. The paper used for the text pages in this book is FSC certified. The FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) is an international network to promote responsible management of the world’s forests. Contents Contributors vii Preface x Part I: Overview 1 Mycology: a Neglected Megascience 1 David L. Hawksworth Part II: Environment, Agriculture and Forestry 2 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Plant Symbiosis under Stress Conditions: Ecological Implications of Drought, Flooding and Salinity 17 Ileana V. García and Rodolfo E. Mendoza 3 An Overview of Ochratoxin Research 38 János Varga, Sándor Kocsubé, Zsanett Péteri and Robert A. Samson 4 Improvement of Controlled Mycorrhizal Usage in Forest Nurseries 56 Robin Duponnois, D. Diouf, A. Galiana and Y. Prin 5 Fungi in the Tree Canopy: an Appraisal 73 K.R. Sridhar 6 Ecology of Endophytic Fungi Associated with Leaf Litter Decomposition 92 Takashi Osono and Dai Hirose v vi Contents Part III: Food, Food Products and Medicine 7 Brewing Yeast in Action: Beer Fermentation 110 Pieter J. Verbelen and Freddy R. Delvaux 8 Genomic Adaptation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to Inhibitors for Lignocellulosic Biomass Conversion to Ethanol 136 Zonglin Lewis Liu and Mingzhou Song 9 Spoilage Yeasts and Other Fungi: their Roles in Modern Enology 156 Manuel Malfeito-Ferreira and Virgilio Loureiro 10 Medicinal Potential of Ganoderma lucidum 173 Daniel Sliva 11 Current Advances in Dematiaceous Mycotic Infections 197 Sanjay G. Revankar Part IV: Biotechnology and Emerging Science 12 Biotechnological Aspects of Trichoderma spp. 216 A.M. Rincón, T. Benítez, A.C. Codón and M.A. Moreno-Mateos 13 Agrobacterium tumefaciens as a Molecular Tool for the Study of Fungal Pathogens 239 Carol M. McClelland and Brian L. Wickes 14 Myconanotechnology: a New and Emerging Science 258 Mahendra Rai, Alka Yadav, Paul Bridge and Aniket Gade 15 Current Advances in Fungal Chitinases 268 Duochuan Li and Anna Li 16 Extracellular Proteases of Mycoparasitic and Nematophagous Fungi 290 László Kredics, Sándor Kocsubé, Zsuzsanna Antal, Lóránt Hatvani, László Manczinger and Csaba Vágvölgyi Index 308 Contributors Zsuzsanna Antal, Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged, Faculty of Science and Informatics, Közép fasor 52., H-6726 Szeged, Hungary T. Benítez, Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Reina Mercedes s/n, 41012, Sevilla, España; Tel: 0034 954557109 Fax: 0034 954557103, E-mail: [email protected] Paul Bridge, British Antarctic Survey, NERC, High Cross, Madingley Rd, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK; E-mail: [email protected] A.C. Codón, Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Reina Mercedes s/n, 41012, Seville, Spain; Tel: 0034 954557112, Fax: 0034 954557103, E-mail: [email protected] Freddy R. Delvaux, Centre for Malting and Brewing Science, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 22, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium D. Diouf, Université Cheikh Anta Diop (UCAD), Faculté de Sciences et Techniques. Département de biologie végétale, BP 5005, Dakar, Sénégal Robin Duponnois, IRD, UMR 113 CIRAD/INRA/IRD/SUPAGRO/UM2, Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (LSTM), Montpellier, France; E-mail: [email protected] Aniket Gade, Department of Biotechnology, SGB Amravati University, Amravati, PIN-444 602, Maharashtra, India A. Galiana, IRD. Laboratoire Commun de Microbiologie IRD / ISRA / UCAD, Centre de Recherche de Bel Air, BP 1386, Dakar, Sénégal Ileana V. García, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia” (MACN-CONICET), Argentina, Av. Ángel Gallardo 470 (C1405DJR); Tel: 4982-6595, int 160, Fax: int 172, E-mail: [email protected] Lóránt Hatvani, Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged, Faculty of Science and Informatics, Közép fasor 52., H-6726 Szeged, Hungary David L. Hawksworth, Departamento de Biología Vegetal II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal, Ciudad vii viii Contributors Universitaria, Madrid 28040, Spain; Natural & Social Sciences, University of Gloucestershire Campus, Swindon Road, Cheltenham GL50 4AZ, UK; University of Gloucestershire, Cheltenham, UK; and Department of Botany, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK; E-mail: [email protected] Dai Hirose, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nihon University, Chiba 274-8555, Japan Sándor Kocsubé, Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged, Faculty of Science and Informatics, Kozep fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; E-mail: [email protected] László Kredics, Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged, Faculty of Science and Informatics, Közép fasor 52., H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; Tel: 3662544516; Fax: 3662544823; E-mail: [email protected] Anna Li, Department of Plant Pathology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China Duochuan Li, Department of Plant Pathology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China; Tel: 86-538-8249071, Fax: 86-538-8226399, E-mail: [email protected] Zonglin Lewis Liu, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, 1815 N University Street, Peoria, IL 61604 USA; Tel: 1 309 681 6294; Fax: 1 309 681 6693; E-mail: [email protected] V. Loureiro, Departamento de Botânica e Engenharia Biológica Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Technical University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda 1349-017, Lisboa, Portugal Manuel Malfeito-Ferreira, Departamento de Botânica e Engenharia Biológica Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Technical University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal; Tel: +351 21 3653448, Fax: 21 3653238; E-mail: [email protected] László Manczinger, Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged, Faculty of Science and Informatics, Közép fasor 52., H-6726 Szeged, Hungary Carol M. McClelland, Department of Biology, McMurry University, Abilene, TX, USA Rodolfo E. Mendoza, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia” (MACN-CONICET), Argentina; E-mail: [email protected] M.A. Moreno-Mateos, Departamento de Señalización celular, Centro Andaluz de Medicina Regenerativa y Biología Molecular. Edif. CABIMER - Avda. Américo Vespucio s/n. Parque Científico y Tecnológico Cartuja 93. 41092 Sevilla, España; Tel: 0034 954467838, Fax: 0034954461664, E-mail: miguelangel. [email protected] Takashi Osono, Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Shiga 520-2113, Japan, Tel: 81 77 549 8252, Fax: 81 77 549 8201; E-mail: tosono@ecology. kyoto-u.ac.jp Zsanett Péteri, Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged, Faculty of Science and Informatics, Kozep fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; E-mail: [email protected] Y. Prin, CIRAD, UMR 113 CIRAD/INRA/IRD/SUPAGRO/UM2, Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (LSTM), Montpellier, France. Contributors ix Mahendra Rai, Department of Biotechnology, SGB Amravati University, Amravati, PIN-444 602, Maharashtra, India; Tel: 91-721-2667380, Fax: 91-721-2660949, E-mail: [email protected] Sanjay G. Revankar, Harper University Hospital, 3990 John R. St., 5 Hudson Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Tel: (313) 745-8599, Fax: (313) 993-0302, E-mail: [email protected] A.M. Rincón, Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Reina Mercedes s/n, 41012, Sevilla, España; Tel: 0034 954556230 Fax: 0034 954557103, E-mail: [email protected] Robert A. Samson, CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; E-mail: [email protected] Daniel Sliva, Cancer Research Laboratory, Methodist Research Institute, 1800 N Capitol Ave, E504, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Tel: (317) 962-5731; Fax: (317) 962-9369; E-mail: [email protected] Mingzhou Song, Department of Computer Science, New Mexico State University, P.O. Box 30001, MSC CS, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA K.R. Sridhar, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, Mangalore University, Mangalagangotri, Mangalore 574 199, Karnataka, India; E-mail: [email protected] Csaba Vágvölgyi, Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged, Faculty of Science and Informatics, Közép fasor 52., H-6726 Szeged, Hungary János Varga, Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged, Faculty of Science and Informatics, Kozep fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; Tel: 3662544515;