Law Enforcement Executive FORUM Community Policing: Immigration November 2007 Law Enforcement Executive Forum Illinois Law Enforcement Training and Standards Board Executive Institute Western Illinois University 1 University Circle Macomb, IL 61455-1390 Senior Editor Thomas J. Jurkanin, PhD Editor Vladimir A. Sergevnin, PhD Associate Editors Jennifer Allen, PhD Department of Law Enforcement and Justice Administration, Western Illinois University Barry Anderson, JD Department of Law Enforcement and Justice Administration, Western Illinois University Tony Barringer, EdD Division of Justice Studies, Florida Gulf Coast University Lewis Bender, PhD Department of Public Administration and Policy Analysis, Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville Michael Bolton, PhD Chair, Department of Criminal Justice and Sociology, Marymount University Dennis Bowman, PhD Department of Law Enforcement and Justice Administration, Western Illinois University Becky K. da Cruz Criminal Justice and Law and Society, Armstrong Atlantic State University Jose de Arimateia da Cruz Political Science and Comparative Politics, Armstrong Atlantic State University Weysan Dun Special Agent-in-Charge, FBI, New York Division Kenneth Durkin, MD Department of Law Enforcement and Justice Administration, Western Illinois University Larry Hoover, PhD Director, Police Research Center, Sam Houston State University William Lewinski, PhD Director, Force Science Research Center, Minnesota State University William McCamey, PhD Department of Law Enforcement and Justice Administration, Western Illinois University John Millner State Senator of 28th District, Illinois General Assembly Stephen A. Morreale, DPA School of Public Policy and Administration/Criminal Justice, Walden University Gregory Boyce Morrison Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Ball State University Michael J. Palmiotto Wichita State University Law Enforcement Executive Forum • 2007 • 7(7) Associate Editors (cont.) Gene L. Scaramella, PhD Dean of Graduate Studies, Ellis College of New York Institute of Technology Wayne Schmidt Director, Americans for Effective Law Enforcement Editorial Production Document and Publication Services, Western Illinois University, Macomb, Illinois Production Assistant Linda Brines The Law Enforcement Executive Forum is published six times per year by the Illinois Law Enforcement Training and Standards Board Executive Institute located at Western Illinois University in Macomb, Illinois. Subscription: $40 (see last page) ISSN 1552-9908 No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission of the publisher. Disclaimer Reasonable effort has been made to make the articles herein accurate and consistent. Please address questions about individual articles to their respective author(s). Law Enforcement Executive Forum • 2007 • 7(7) Table of Contents Editorial .................................................................................................................. i Vladimir A. Sergevnin Immigration Immigrant Women, Domestic Violence, and Community Policing ........... 1 Edna Erez Julie L. Globokar Immigration Enforcement by Local and State Police: The Impact on Latinos ....................................................................................... 15 Michele Waslin Immigration Policy and Law in the Post-9/11 Era: A Study of Civil and Human Rights Concerns ............................................ 33 Deena Anders Jasna Burza Carrie Coslin Paul Kresser Eleni Messiou Selena Nelson-Salcedo Amy T. Morris Megan Pidduck Kathryn Sharpe Kelly Sowards Opot Lisa Wissbaum Grappling with Ambiguities in a Police and Immigrant Encounter in Finland ......................................................................................... 59 Egharevba Stephen New Technology and Technical Efficiency License Plate Recognition (LPR) Technology: Practical and Legal Issues for Police Implementation ......................................................... 93 Ross Wolf Arthur Gordon Cluster Efficiency Analysis and the Effects of the Operating Environment on the Technical Efficiency of Police Organizations in the State of Florida ........................................................................................ 101 Jeffrey W. Goltz The Diversion of Prescription Opioid Analgesics ......................................... 127 James A. Inciardi Hilary L. Surratt Yamilka Lugo Theodore J. Cicero Law Enforcement Executive Forum • 2007 • 7(7) Crime Peripatetic Blame: Crime Guilt Attribution in the Fiction of Nelson Algren ................................................................................................ 143 Peter J. Puleo Surviving Firearm Assaults at Domestic Violence Calls .............................. 155 Richard R. Johnson Terrorism and Risk Assessment How to Assess Contemporary Security Risks from Worst-Case Scenario to Risk Prioritization ................................................... 169 Ophir Falk Lior Lotan Bioterrorism Preparedness: The Ideal Models of Preparedness: What Does It Take to Be Prepared? ...................................... 175 Fee F. Habtes Materials/publications are available through the Illinois Law Enforcement Training and Standards Board Executive Institute. Law Enforcement Executive Forum • 2007 • 7(7) Editorial Single mother Elvira Arellano arrived in the United States illegally in 1997 with many hopes of reaching her American dream. She was deported to Mexico shortly afterward but returned and settled in Chicago in 2000, taking a job cleaning planes at O’Hare International Airport. She was arrested in 2002 at O’Hare and convicted of working under fraudulent documents. She sought refuge at a church and did not leave its property until she decided to travel by car to Los Angeles to speak at a rally where she was arrested again and deported. There are thousands of similar cases of intertwined issues of immigration, law enforcement, and human rights every year, and the numbers are going up. The Elvira Arellano case clearly demonstrates the increasing political component to immigration, complicating law-enforcement response and increasing the probability of misunderstandings in the community. For the nation that has been formed by and has benefited more from migration than any other country around the globe, there is no surprise that this issue is under political scrutiny. James Madison, in his speech at the Federal Convention of August 13, 1787, made an accurate observation that “America was indebted to immigration for her settlement and prosperity. That part of America which had encouraged them most had advanced most rapidly in population, agriculture and the arts.” A complicated law enforcement response to the immigrant community is not new in the history of the criminal justice system. For decades and decades, police officers have been challenged to embrace the cultures and perspectives of the growing immigrant communities within their jurisdictions. Today, the scale, diversity, and highly dynamic trends in immigrant populations with multiple cultures, languages, and often negative perspectives in regards to the police present local law enforcement with new, critical, and comprehensive tasks. Although local law enforcement focuses on developing effective and positive interactions with immigrant communities, the complexity of each new wave of overseas populations presents significant obstacles and should be addressed. Even more challenging are the attempts by police to find ways of collaborating with and assisting illegal immigrants, whose numbers are unknown, and to find the budgetary means, which are often underestimated, to accomplish these attempts. Complexity multiplies when an illegal immigrant is the victim of a crime, and local police must deal with immigration issues along with the crime itself. A significant presence of illegal immigrants automatically increases latent and unreported crime in the community. This issue of the Forum focuses on immigration and the related problems confronting local, state, and federal law enforcement agencies within the U.S. and in many nations throughout the world. This collection of articles provides an overview of the topics surrounding immigration, both legal and illegal; presents valuable information on the current resources available to law enforcement; and examines the concerns and obstacles that currently surround the discussion over immigration enforcement by the law enforcement community. It is our hope that this collection of articles will prove to be a useful tool for all readers. Vladimir A. Sergevnin, PhD Editor Law Enforcement Executive Forum Law Enforcement Executive Forum • 2007 • 7(7) i Immigrant Women, Domestic Violence, and Community Policing1 Edna Erez, Professor and head, Criminal Justice Department, University of Illinois at Chicago Julie L. Globokar, Academic Chair, Kaplan University A central goal now held by most United States law enforcement agencies is the development of a collaborative relationship with the community members they serve. Heavy emphasis is placed on fostering bonds of trust and cooperation in the implementation of community policing initiatives. As the United States population continues to diversify, law enforcement personnel find themselves working to develop partnerships with members of immigrant communities. While some studies have shown that immigrants hold more favorable views of the police than native-born residents (Davis & Hendricks, 2007), immigrants may be hesitant to work with the police due to mistrust, language