The Republic of Botswana No. 1 Ministry of State President Department of Broadcasting Services THE PROJECT FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF THE DIGITAL MIGRATION PROJECT IN REPUBLIC OF BOTSWANA PROJECT COMPLETION REPORT (Separate Volume) AUGUST 2016 MINISTRY OF STATE PRESIDENT DEPARTMENT OF BROADCASTING SERVICES AND JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY (JICA) YACHIYO ENGINEERING CO., LTD. EI JR 16-137 Table of Contents Separate Volume 1: HD program production manual ............................................................................... S-1-1 Separate Volume 2: Data broadcasting training manual ........................................................................... S-2-1 Separate Volume 3: Market survey report for digital migration ............................................................... S-3-1 Separate Volume 4: ISDB-T Standards of Botswana and Technical Specifications for Receivers .......... S-4-1 Separate Volume 5: Public relations plan for digital migration ................................................................ S-5-1 Separate Volume 6: Test centre operation manual .................................................................................... S-6-1 Separate Volume 7: Call centre operation manual .................................................................................... S-7-1 Separate Volume 8: Procurement plan of HD studio systems .................................................................. S-8-1 Separate Volume -1 HD program production manual Separate Volume 1 HD Program Production Manual May, 2016 Department of Broadcasting Services Ministry of State President S-1-1 Separate Volume 1 PREAMBLE This production manual is created for Botswana Television (BTV) by the Implementation of the Digital Migration Project commenced in August 2014. The project is supported by Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). The main objective of the production manual are to demonstrate the step by step instruction to produce HD programs to the new staff, , as well as to improve knowledge, skills, and techniques of the program production of the experienced staff. Utilization of the manual would help producers to properly plan and execute their production. Botswana Television (BTV) is transforming into digital and is expected to increase the number of the programs. Therefore, this manual is targeted to all news, production, and technical staff of BTV, to support to create different kinds of programs with different contents and angles. The content is basically divided into the following parts: 1. Basic Production Process for Television Programs 2. Pre-production (Preparation before filming) 3. Production (Shooting) 4. Post-production (Editing and completing the program) 5. Evaluation of the programs 6. Annex (Blank form and format) May, 2016 Created by DiMT (Digital Migration for Television) Project Name: Implementation of Digital Migration Project in the Republic of Botswana By Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) Implementation Period: 27 August, 2014 ~ 26 August, 2016 All the copyrights: JICA and BTV Printed in Gaborone, Botswana S-1-2 Separate Volume 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Chapter 1. Production Process of HD Television Programs 1.1 Program Production Process 1-1 1.2 Production Crew 1-4 1.3 Pre-production 1-5 1.4 Production 1-5 1.5 Post-production 1-6 Chapter 2. Pre-production 2.1 Proposing A Story Idea/Developing A Story Idea 2-1 2.2 Budget 2-4 2.3 Research 2-6 2.4 Scriptwriting 2-7 2.5 Story Structure and Script Outline 2-10 2.6 Production Schedule 2-13 2.7 Pre-Production Flow Example: Step by Step 2-15 Chapter 3. Production 3.1 Shooting schedule 3-1 3.2 Interview 3-4 3.3 Aspect Ratio 3-6 3.4 Visual 3-8 3.5 Audio Recording for HDTV (Stereo) 3-22 3.6 Production Flow Example: Step by Step 3-24 Chapter 4. Post-production 4.1 Pre-Editing 4-1 4.2 Basic Editing Decisions 4-2 4.3 Editing Techniques 4-3 4.4 Transitions 4-4 4.5 Continuity 4-5 4.6 Ethics 4-7 4.7 Production Flow Example: Step by Step 4-8 Chapter 5. Evaluation of the Programs 5.1 PreBroadcasting 5-1 5.2 Post Broadcasting 5-3 Chapter 6. Annex Annex 1. Blank BTV Program Proposa Sheet Annex 2. Blank Scripting Annex 3. Blank BTV Shooting Schedule Annex 4. Blank BTV Scene/Shot List of Program Production Annex 5. Blank Log Sheet Reference S-1-3 Separate Volume 1 LIST OF TABLES, FIGURES, and EXAMPLES Chapter 1 Table 1-1: Programs BTV Produces Each Year Table 1-2: Basic Production Crew Figure1-1: Program Production Process Chapter 2 Table 2-1: Points To Consider Table 2-2: Scriptwriting Basics Table 2-3: Four Parts of Story Structure Figure 2-1: Flow of Basic Pre-Production Example 2-1: Program Proposal Sheet Example 2-2: Budget Sheet Example 2-3: Script Outline Example 2-4: Production Schedule for Talk Show with Guests Chapter 3 Table 3-1: Typical Types of Shots Table 3-2: Camera Movement Table 3-3: Basic Types of Light Table 3-4: Function of Three Lights Figure 3-1: 16 x 9 Aspect Ratio Figure 3-2: 4 x 3 Aspect Ratio Figure 3-3: Framing for Zooming In/Out Figure 3-4: Flow of Basic Production Example 3-1: Shooting Schedule Example 3-2: Tips for Conducting Interviews Example 3-3: Shot List – News Feature Example 3-4: Three Point Lighting Example 3-5: Triangle Lighting for Interviews Example 3-6: Cross-Keying Lighting for Interviews Example 3-7: Recording Stereo Sound of the Moving Object S-1-4 Separate Volume 1 Chapter 4 Table 4-1: Typical Types of Transitions Figure 2-1: Flow of Basic Post-Production Example 4-1: Extreme Changes in Distance Example 4-2: Maintaining Screen Positions in Reverse-Angle Example 4-3: Vector Line Chapter 5 Example 5-1: Check List of BTV News Content Example 5-2: Points of the Evaluation S-1-5 Separate Volume 1 ABBREVIATIONS BS Bust Shot BTV Botswana Television CU Close Up Shot ECU Extreme Close Up Shot ELS Extreme Long Shot HD High Definition JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency KS Knee Shot LBS Loose Bust Shot LS Long Shot MS Medium Shot (Waist Shot) SD Standard Definition TBS Tight Bust Shot WG Working Group S-1-6 Separate Volume 1 CHAPTER 1 PRODUCTION PROCESS OF HD TELEVISION PROGRAMS S-1-7 Separate Volume 1 CHAPTER 1: PRODUCTION PROCESS OF HD TELEVISION PROGRAMS 1.1 Program Production Process BTV has been producing a good number of live programs such as daily news, Botswana Premier League football games, and various other events throughout the countries including programs using the BTV studios, such as talk shows. Most of the programs are live or recorded in the studio or on location and there are hardly any programs which are originally planned and edited. (See the Table 1-1) Therefore, the level of the techniques and skills of the staff is relatively high. However, the techniques and skills of staff do not reach the enough level to create originally- proposed and planned programs. This manual focuses on procedure of basic program production to produce edited original programs, considering HD (high definition) format. However, the shooting techniques in HD format will be useful for camera works for live broadcast and studio programs, and editing techniques can be applied to switching the cameras. The table 1-1 indicates the numbers and types of the programs BTV produces each year. Depending on the year and circumstances, the programs would be added or canceled, therefore, the numbers are approximate. 1-1 S-1-8 Separate Volume 1 Table 1-1: Programs BTV Produces Each Year TYPES OF PROGRAM NUMBERS OF PROGRAMS / YEAR Live News in Setswana 365 Live News in English 365 Live broadcast of the events (Independence day, 20 President Day, etc.) Live sports games coverage 60 ~ 65 Educational talk show (live or recorded) 56 Music show 104 Religious programs (Gospel music, Church services, 208 etc.) Talk show 104 Current affairs (Studio) 52 Source: BTV 1-2 S-1-9 Separate Volume 1 The process of all production of the programs can be divided into 3 stages: pre- production, production and post-production. The figure 1-1 shows basic production procedure. Figure 1-1: Program Production Process 1-3 S-1-10 Separate Volume 1 1.2 PRODUCTION CREW Production crews vary in size depending on the magnitude of the production. For example, live broadcast of a football game requires large crew, as compared to a news crew that could limit to only a journalist and a cameraman. The table 1-2 below indicates basic production crew for small-scale original programs. Table 1-2: Basic Production Crew Roll Description Producer Responsible for all the staff involved in the production and coordinates technical and nontechnical issues. In small-scale production, the producer maybe director and/or writer at the same time. Director In charge of actual production from pre-production to completion of the programs. In small-scale production director may be producer and/or writer at the same time. Writer In a small-scale production producer and/or director is writer. Videographer Operates cameras and shoot. Audio technician In charge of all the audio operations. Sometimes assist videographer in recording sounds or interview on location. Editor Operates post-production editing system. Often producer and/or director makes rough cut before fine cut. Graphic designer Creates computer graphics, program titles, charts, graphs, etc. 1-4 S-1-11 Separate Volume 1 1.3 STAGE 1: PRE-PRODUCTION Pre-production is basically the preparation and organization of the whole production process before the actual shooting. The process starts with having a concept, setting the objectives, and writing a proposal. Once the proposal is approved, necessary information for the program content must be researched and collected. Based on the result of the research, shooting locations, interviewees, and obtaining filming permissions, etc. are selected. Rough script outline, questions for the interview, and filming schedule must be prepared before going to locations. It is also recommended to have meetings with all the production crew, including journalists, producers, directors, and technical crew to share the information and filming plan.