THE KASHMIR ISSUE AND PLEA OF PAKISTAN ABDUR RAHIM AAMAR Dr/2006-03 DEPARTMENT OF KASHMIRYAT UNIVERSITY OF THE PUNJAB LAHORE THE KASHMIR ISSUE AND PLEA OF PAKISTAN ABDUR RAHIM AAMAR Dr/2006-03 Submitted in the Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, in Kashmiryat at the Department of Kashmiryat University of the Punjab Lahore December, 2014 In the Name of Allah, The Most Beneficent, The Most Merciful i DECLARATION It is certified that this Ph.D dissertation titled “The Kashmir Issue and Plea of Pakistan” is an original research. Its content was not already submitted as a whole or in parts for the requirement of any other degree and is not currently being submitted for any other degree or qualification. To the best of my knowledge, the thesis does not contain any material published or written previously by another author, except where due references were made to the source in the text of the thesis. It is further certified that help received in developing the thesis, and all resources used for the purpose, have been duly acknowledged at the appropriate places. December 15, 2014 ________________________ Abdur Rahim Aamar Dr/2006-03, Department of Kashmiryat University of the Punjab, Lahore, ii CERTIFICATE It is to certify that the research work described in the Ph.D dissertation is an original work of the author. It has been carried out under my direct supervision. I have personally gone through all its data, contents and results reported in the manuscript and certify its correctness and authenticity. I further certify that the material included in the thesis has not been used partially or fully, in any manuscript already submitted or is in the process of submission in partial or complete fulfillment of the award of any other degree from any other institution. I also certify that the thesis has been developed under my supervision according to the prescribed format. I, therefore, endorse its worth for the award of Ph.D degree in accordance with the prescribed procedure of the university. ____________________________________ Supervisor Dr. S. M. Yousaf Bokhari Associate Professor ® & Ex-Chairman Department of Kashmiryat, University of the Punjab, Lahore iii APPROVAL SHEET The thesis titled, “The Kashmir Issue and Plea of Pakistan” is accepted in the fulfillment for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Kashmiryat at the Department of Kashmiryat, University of the Punjab, Lahore. _______________________________ Supervisor Dr. S. M. Yousaf Bokhari Associate Professor ® & Ex-Chairman Department of Kashmiryat, University of the Punjab, Lahore iv DEDICATED To My Elder Brother Muhammad Shafique Sabir v Abstract The Kashmir issue and Plea of Pakistan is an analytical hypothesis of our thesis in which we are going to discuss the pros and cons of this sensitive issue. We shall argue and analyse the issue, the ancient historical position of Kashmir and its topographical importance. Raj Tarangni’s author Kulhan Pandit writes that he has completed its historical account in 1148 A.D, in Sanskritic language; describing the details of Kashmir rulers; who had ruled for five thousand years. Kalhun also describes that there was no foreign involvement in Kashmir as it was a sovereign State. It has remained an independent State throughout as it was situated in the center of Asian Sub-continent. In the north it is connected with the territory of Tajak & Chines, Turkistan in the East Tibet (China) and in the south Bharat and Pakistan, Afghanistan and democratic Tajikistan. The 750 miles territory connects China, 300 miles with India, 600 miles with Pakistan whereas the 50 miles territory is interconnected Afghanistan. The political upheaval started after the death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh in the Punjab as Sikh Sardars fought against one another’s and numerous assassinations took place that resulted in poor control. The certain rebels planned to topple the English Jurisdiction which resulted in the first battle between Sikhs and the Europeans. The Sikhs were defeated and the English soldiers crossed river Sutlej and stationed themselves in Sikh territory. All the people failed to comprehend any alternative measure. On the other hand, Dogra Raja of Jammu Gulab Singh who had not participated in the war secretly developed his relations and understanding with the English rulers. He was nominated to settle the issue with English rulers with the efforts of Maharaja Gulab Singh after vi which it was decided that the middle estate of Sutlej and Bias would be handed over to the English regime and a penalty of one crore fifty lacs to be paid. Since there was no availability of the cash so that lack of payment of one crore; the passage between river Bias and Sind including all the hilly areas be given to English rulers in compensation. However, by 9th March 1846 A.D. Through Amritsar Pact one passage between Sutlej and Bias another land of Hazara Jammu & Kashmir State. Chamba was handed over to the English rulers. Soon after this pact, Maharaja Gulab Singh made Amritsar Pact, on 16th March 1846. Since he was not in position to pay one crore and fifty lack as compensation of the estate, the State of Chamba was minimized from the rest States. Thus Gulab Singh enjoyed the kingdom of Jammu and Kashmir with the sale deed of 75 lacs. Henceforth we see that the Dogra regime had been established in Kashmir; which ended in partition of India in 1947. At the time of Indian independence, the Kashmir issue had gained recognition. Before this “Quit Kashmir” slogan, was raised by Sheikh Muhammad Abdullah and Prem Nath Bzaz in Kashmir. According to Indian Independence Act, British India was to be divided into the two independent dominions of India and Pakistan from 15th Aug 1947 A.D. The fate of princely states and those parts of Indian subcontinent, which were not directly ruled by Britain and had retained their own princely powers, remained unclear. These states comprised 45% of its territory. Here at least 600 states were involved. The freedom movement had been planned to extend to the people of states so that a large number could join the Indian Union. Lord Mountbatten. The British viceroy of India confirmed legal independence of the princely states, but directed their rulers to have option of accession either with India or Pakistan. Indian rulers deliberately occupied Hyderabad and Junagarh and made those ultimately part of the Indian Union. All the vii states except the state of Jammu and Kashmir found them completely associated with either India or Pakistan. Contiguously, both India and Pakistan had the right to accede on population basis the states into their own dominion, but here the decision was awarded to Maharaja; whereas the greater part of Jammu & Kashmir should have gone to Pakistan logically, lawfully, geographically and instantaneously. The issue was confused by the fact that the foremost Muslim leader of the State Sheikh Abdullah was in the prison at the time with the result that Hari Singh was in favour of accession with India. The statement of Sir Albion Banerjee was the first bold voice against the Maharaja, which broke the Kashmiri People’s silence for their rights. The statement of Banerjee proved to be a glimpse of light in the darkness of Kashmir’s political history and Kashmiri people got themselves enlightened by this statement and started to raise their slogans of rights and freedom. All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference was established in October 1932. The founders of the Muslim Conference were Pundit Prem Nath Bazaz and Pundit Gulshan and most of them, were Hindus. Its first president was Sheikh Muhammad Abdullah and General Secretary was Chaudhary Ghulam Abbas. The Landmark and historical achievement of the Muslim Conference was the resolution of 19th July 1947 that decided accession of Jammu and Kashmir State with Pakistan, the sole objective of the Kashmiris. The remarkable resolution was approved at the residence of Sardar Muhammad Ibrahim Khan in Srinagar. To stop this resolution, Dogra Maharaja arrested several workers of the Muslim Conference. In addition, it proved an ignition in political history of Jammu and Kashmir and in the hearts and minds of Kashmiri people. During Jinnah’s stay in Kashmir, the Muslim Conference obtained a great popularity. viii The National Conference was established in April 1939 and its first President was Sheikh Muhammad Abdullah whereas a controversial person in the history of Kashmir. Many enlightened persons of Kashmir did not like Sheikh Abdullah. National Conference is skewed from the very first day towards Indian Congress Party. It was felt that National Conference was not a famous political party and that was a B team of Indian Congress Party in Kashmir. Sheikh Muhammad Abdullah invited Muhammad Ali Jinnah to visit Kashmir. Later on the repented Jinnah’s visit to Kashmir because the visit proved against the wishes of Sheikh Abdullah. Muhammad Ali Jinnah visited Jammu and Kashmir in May-July 1944. He stayed in Kashmir only for ten days. During his stay in Kashmir, he observed that Sheikh Abdullah was not a patriotic leader for Kashmiri people, rather his visit proved an ignition in the political history of Jammu and Kashmir, in the hearts and minds of Kashmiri people. Muslim Conference was against this movement and they gave the Kashmir people a perception of Azad Kashmir. This was the first coherent thought towards Kashmir Freedom Movement. In Kashmir, Maharaja’s army had no Muslim soldiers at all. He arranged his army mainly from Dogras, Sikhs and Gurkhas in spite of the poor Muslims were formidable fighters. Out of the 71663 citizens of the State who served in British army in the Second World War, 60402 were Muslims whom Maharaja did not trust upon; therefore the king refrained to take them in his army.