CMYK PMS 175mm 44.2mm 175mm José Ignacio Hualde is Professor in Hualde, The Handbook of the Department of Spanish, Italian, and Olarrea, and The Handbook of Hispanic Portuguese and in the Department of O’Rourke Linguistics at the University of Illinois at Linguistics Urbana-Champaign. His books include Basque Phonology (1991), Euskararen azentuerak Hispanic Edited by José Ignacio Hualde, Antxon Hispanic Linguistics Hispanic The Handbook of [the accentual systems of Basque] (1997), “The Handbook in its 40 well researched chapters presents a clear overview Olarrea and Erin O’Rourke and The Sounds of Spanish (2005). of different aspects of the Spanish language. As such it is destined to be an It is estimated that there are currently more important and indispensable reference resource which will be consulted for years Antxon Olarrea is Associate Professor in the Linguistics than 400 million Spanish speakers worldwide, to come.” with the United States being home to one of Department of Spanish and Portuguese at the Margarita Suñer, Cornell University the world’s largest native Spanish-speaking University of Arizona. He is author of Orígenes populations. Reflecting the increasing del lenguaje y selección natural (2005), “This handbook provides a comprehensive tour of the state-of-the art research importance of the Spanish language both coauthor of Introducción a la lingüística in all areas of Hispanic Linguistics. For students and scholars interested in the in the U.S. and abroad, The Handbook of hispánica (2001, 2nd ed. 2010), and coeditor Spanish language, it is a timely and invaluable reference book.” Hispanic Linguistics features a collection of Romance Linguistics (2009). Maria Luisa Zubizarreta, University of Southern California of newly-written essays contributed by top Spanish linguistics scholars that explore Erin O’Rourke is Assistant Professor in “The Handbook of Hispanic Linguistics is essential and authoritative reading for all facets relating to the origins, evolution, the Department of Modern Languages and those interested in any aspect of Spanish. Its breadth of coverage is unmatched and geographical variations of the Spanish Classics at the University of Alabama. She is anywhere, and the discussion is cutting-edge.” language. 252mm co-editor of Romance Linguistics (2007) and Ralph Penny, Queen Mary, University of London has published articles and book chapters on intonation and sociophonetics in Spanish and While coverage is provided on applied Quechua, with an emphasis on the Andean concerns such as second language learning, region. Spanish in the classroom, immigration, heritage languages and bilingualism, several essays also address the significant body of theoretical work emerging in Spanish linguistics in the areas of Phonology, Phonetics, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics, Pragmatics and Psycholinguistics. By combining the most crucial elements of current findings in theoretical and applied research, The Handbook of Hispanic Linguistics sheds new light on the increasing growth and importance of the Spanish language. Edited by José Ignacio Hualde, Jacket image: Ascendant, 2006 (Oil on canvas) © Ignacio Auzike / Getty Images Antxon Olarrea, and Erin O’Rourke Jacket design by Workhaus The Handbook of Hispanic Linguistics Blackwell Handbooks in Linguistics This outstanding multi-volume series covers all the major subdisciplines within linguistics today and, when complete, will offer a comprehensive survey of linguistics as a whole. Already published: The Handbook of the History of English Edited by Ans van Kemenade and Bettelou Los The Handbook of Child Language Edited by Paul Fletcher and Brian MacWhinney The Handbook of English Linguistics Edited by Bas Aarts and April McMahon The Handbook of Phonological Theory, Second Edition Edited by John A. Goldsmith, Jason Riggle, The Handbook of World Englishes and Alan C. L. Yu Edited by Braj B. Kachru, Yamuna Kachru, and Cecil L. Nelson The Handbook of Contemporary Semantic Theory Edited by Shalom Lappin The Handbook of Educational Linguistics Edited by Bernard Spolsky and The Handbook of Sociolinguistics Francis M. Hult Edited by Florian Coulmas The Handbook of Clinical Linguistics The Handbook of Phonetic Sciences, Second Edition Edited by Martin J. Ball, Michael R. Perkins, Edited by William J. Hardcastle and John Laver Nicole Mu¨ ller, and Sara Howard The Handbook of Morphology The Handbook of Pidgin and Creole Studies Edited by Andrew Spencer and Arnold Zwicky Edited by Silvia Kouwenberg and The Handbook of Japanese Linguistics John Victor Singler Edited by Natsuko Tsujimura The Handbook of Language Teaching The Handbook of Linguistics Edited by Michael H. Long and Edited by Mark Aronoff and Janie Rees-Miller Catherine J. Doughty The Handbook of Contemporary Syntactic Theory The Handbook of Language Contact Edited by Mark Baltin and Chris Collins Edited by Raymond Hickey The Handbook of Discourse Analysis The Handbook of Language and Speech Disorders Edited by Deborah Schiffrin, Deborah Tannen, Edited by Jack S. Damico, Nicole Mu¨ ller, and and Heidi E. Hamilton Martin J. Ball The Handbook of Language Variation and Change The Handbook of Computational Linguistics and Edited by J. K. Chambers, Peter Trudgill, Natural Language Processing and Natalie Schilling-Estes Edited by Alexander Clark, Chris Fox, and The Handbook of Historical Linguistics Shalom Lappin Edited by Brian D. Joseph and Richard D. Janda The Handbook of Language and Globalization The Handbook of Language and Gender Edited by Nikolas Coupland Edited by Janet Holmes and Miriam Meyerhoff The Handbook of Hispanic Sociolinguistics The Handbook of Second Language Acquisition Edited by Manuel Dı´az-Campos Edited by Catherine J. Doughty and The Handbook of Language Socialization Michael H. Long Edited by Alessandro Duranti, Elinor Ochs, The Handbook of Bilingualism and Bambi B. Schieffelin Edited by Tej K. Bhatia and William C. Ritchie The Handbook of Intercultural Discourse and The Handbook of Pragmatics Communication Edited by Laurence R. Horn and Gregory Ward Edited by Christina Bratt Paulston, Scott F. Kiesling, and Elizabeth S. Rangel The Handbook of Applied Linguistics Edited by Alan Davies and Catherine Elder The Handbook of Historical Sociolinguistics Edited by Juan Manuel Herna´ndez-Campoy The Handbook of Speech Perception and Juan Camilo Conde-Silvestre Edited by David B. Pisoni and Robert E. Remez The Handbook of Hispanic Linguistics The Blackwell Companion to Syntax, Volumes I–V Edited by Jose´ Ignacio Hualde, Antxon Olarrea, Edited by Martin Everaert and and Erin O’Rourke Henk van Riemsdijk The Handbook of Hispanic Linguistics Edited by Jose´ Ignacio Hualde, Antxon Olarrea, and Erin O’Rourke This edition first published 2012 Ó 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd Blackwell Publishing was acquired by John Wiley & Sons in February 2007. Blackwell’s publishing program has been merged with Wiley’s global Scientific, Technical, and Medical business to form Wiley-Blackwell. Registered Office John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK Editorial Offices 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5020, USA 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services, and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell. The right of Jose´ Ignacio Hualde, Antxon Olarrea, and Erin O’Rourke to be identified as the authors of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The handbook of hispanic linguistics / edited by Jose´ Ignacio Hualde, Antxon Olarrea, and Erin O’Rourke. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 978-1-4051-9882-0 (cloth) 1. Spanish language–Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Hualde, Jose´ Ignacio, 1958- II. Olarrea, Antxon. III. O’Rourke, Erin. PC4073.H36 2012 465–dc23 2011037232 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Set in 10/12pt Palatino by Thomson Digital, Noida, India 1 2012 Contents List of Figures ix List of Tables xi Notes on Contributors xiii Editors’ Note xxi 1 Geographical and Social Varieties of Spanish: An Overview 1 JOHN M. LIPSKI 2 The Spanish-based Creoles 27 J. CLANCY CLEMENTS 3 Spanish