Operation and maintenance of gravel roads A literature study Hossein Alzubaidi VTI meddelande 852A • 1999 VTI meddelande 852A • 1999 Operation and maintenance of gravel roads A literature study Hossein Alzubaidi Cover: Heikki Heiniö, Finland Publisher: Publication: VTI meddelande 852A Published: Project code: 1999 60519 S-581 95 Linköping Sweden Project: Efficient production methods in the operation and maintenance of gravel roads Author: Sponsor: Hossein Alzubaidi Swedish National Road Administration (SNRA) Title: Operation and maintenance of gravel roads – A Literature Atudy Abstract Gravel roads form a large percentage of the road network in Sweden. The public road network under the jurisdiction of the Swedish National Road Administration has a total length of some 98,000 kilometres. About 22,000 km of this network consist of gravel roads. In addition, there are about 74,000 kilometres of private road and 210,000 kilometres of forest roads. The report describes the present position in the operation and maintenance of gravel roads. It presents a comprehensive literature survey of current and recent national and international research. It deals only with summer maintenance and focuses primarily on roads surfaced with aggregate. The following areas are treated in the report: 1-Definitions and terms regarding the operation and maintenance of gravel roads. 2-General description of the Swedish road network. 3-Major factors causing deterioration of gravel roads. 4-Technical requirements for Swedish gravel roads. 5-Factors, which influence the operation and maintenance of gravel roads. 6-Operation and maintenance methods. 7-Condition assessment of gravel roads. 8-Planning and evaluation of operation and maintenance measures. ISSN: Language: No. of pages: 0347-6049 English 231 + Appendixes Foreword This study of the literature forms the first part of a PhD project "Efficient production methods in the operation and maintenance of gravel roads". The project is carried out in the Centre for Research and Education in the Operation and Maintenance of Infrastructure (CDU), with financial assistance from the Swedish National Road Administration (SNRA), Management of State Roads. The project is carried out at the Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI). My principal supervisor and examiner is Professor Rolf Magnusson, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH). Project manager at VTI is Lars Bäckman, and the SNRA representative is Ulf Påhlsson. A combined steering and reference group has been formed for the project, comprising the following members: Gunnar Svensson SNRA, Production Göran Andersson SNRA, Region Mälardalen (VMN) Hans Cedermark CDU Ingvar Sikh SNRA, Production Jan Nordqvist SNRA, Region North (VN) Jan-Åke Karlsson SNRA, Region South-east (VSÖ) Johan Hansen SNRA, Highway Division Karin Högström SNRA, Highway Division Kent Enkell VTI, Operation and Maintenance (DU) Lars Bäckman VTI, Highway Engineering (VB) Rolf Magnusson KTH, Highway Engineering Ulf Isacsson KTH, Highway Engineering Ulf Påhlsson SNRA, Highway Division I wish to express my sincere thanks to my supervisor, the project manager, the members of the steering and reference group, the sponsor and all who have provided assistance during the performance of this work. Linköping, May 1999 Hossein Alzubaidi VTI meddelande 852A Contents i Contents Summary vi! ! 1 Introduction 1 1.1 "#$%&'()*+!! 1 1.2 ,-.!#/0 2 1.3 1/0/2#2/(*3 2 1.4 4*5('0#2/(*!3.#'$- 3 2 Definitions 4 2.1 67.'#2/(*!#*+!0#/*2.*#*$. 4 2.2 8#/*2.*#*$.!!!!4 2.3 67.'#2/(* 7 2.4 92#:/;/3#2/(*!#*+!32'.*&2-.*/*&!!!!7 2.5 </55.'.*2!2=7.3!(5!'(#+ 8 2.6 ,-.!32')$2)'.!(5!2-.!'(#+ 9 2.7 ,=7.3!(5!>.#'/*&!$()'3. 10 3 General description of the Swedish road network 12 3.1 ?+0/*/32'#2/@.!$;#33/5/$#2/(*!(5!9>.+/3-!'(#+3!A%0B 13 3.2 "'.#%+(>*!:=!2=7.!(5!>.#'/*&!$()'3.!A%0B 13 3.3 "'.#%+(>*!:=!2=7.!(5!>.#'/*&!$()'3.!/*!+/55.'.*2!$()*2/.3 14 3.4 1.*&2-!(5!&'#@.;!'(#+3!/*!+/55.'.*2!$()*2/.3 15 3.5 "'.#%+(>*!(5!2=7.!(5!>.#'/*&!$()'3.!:[email protected]/$;.!0/;.#&. 17 3.6 "'.#%+(>*!:=!??<,!(*!+/55.'.*2!2=7.3!(5!>.#'/*&!$()'3.!/*!CDDE 18 3.7 "'.#%+(>*!(5!'(#+!>/+2-!:=!+/55.'.*2!2=7.3!(5!>.#'/*&!$()'3.!/*!CDDE 19 3.8 "'.#%+(>*!:=!37..+!;/0/2!:=!+/55.'.*2!2=7.3 (5!>.#'/*&!$()'3. /*!CDDE 20 3.9 1.*&2-3!#*+!7'(7('2/(*3!(5!7#@.+!#*+!)*7#@.+!'(#+3 21 3.10 9>.+/3-!&'#@.;!'(#+!*.2>('%!/*!CDDE 22 3.11 8#/*2.*#*$.!$(32 23 4 Deterioration of gravel roads 24 4.1 ,-.!$#)3.3!(5!+.2.'/('#2/(* 25 4.1.1 ,'#55/$ 25 4.1.2 F'.$/7/2#2/(*!#*+!$;/0#2. 26 4.1.3 G'#+/*& 26 4.2 </32'.33.3!(5!&'#@.;!'(#+3 26 4.2.1 4*$(''.$2!3-#7. 26 4.2.1.1 9-#7.!(5!'(#+!(*!32'#/&-2!3.$2/(*3 26 4.2.1.2 9-#7.!(5!'(#+!2-'()&-!$)'@.3 29 4.2.2 4*3)55/$/.*2!+'#/*#&. 30 VTI meddelande 852A Contents ii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echnical requirements for Swedish gravel roads 44 5.1 ,.$-*/$#;!'.J)/'.0.*23!5('!2-.!$(*32')$2/(*!(5!*.>!&'#@.;!'(#+3! /*!9>.+.* 45 5.1.1 I.J)/'.0.*23!/*!H-#72.'!C!(5!I6?<!DL 45 5.1.1.1 I.J)/'.0.*23!$(*$.'*/*&!3.'@/$.!;/5. 45 5.1.1.2 I.J)/'.0.*23!$(*$.'*/*&!7.'0/22.+!2'#55/$ 45 5.1.1.3 I.J)/'.0.*23!$(*$.'*/*&!7.'0/33/:;.!3)'5#$.!)*.@.**.33!/*!2-.! ;(*&/2)+/*#;!+/'.$2/(* 46 5.1.1.4 I.J)/'.0.*23!$(*$.'*/*&!$'(335#;; 46 5.1.1.5 I.J)/'.0.*23!$(*$.'*/*&!7.'0/33/:;.!5'(32!-.#@. 47 5.1.2 I.J)/'.0.*23!/*!H-#72.'!M!(5!I6?<!DL 47 5.1.3 I.J)/'.0.*23!/*!H-#72.'!N!(5!I6?<!DL 48 5.1.3.1 I.J)/'.0.*23!5('!&'#@.;!>.#'/*&!$()'3. 48 5.1.3.2 I.J)/'.0.*23!5('!:#3.!$()'3. 49 5.1.3.3 I.J)/'.0.*23!5('!2-.!3):O:#3. 51 5.1.3.4 I.J)/'.0.*23!5('!7'(2.$2/(*!$()'3. 52 5.2 ,.$-*/$#;!'.J)/'.0.*23!5('!2-.!(7.'#2/(*!#*+!0#/*2.*#*$.!(5! 9>.+/3-!&'#@.;!'(#+3 53 5.2.1 I.J)/'.0.*23!5('!2-.!2-'..!32#*+#'+!$;#33.3 53 5.2.1.1 92#*+#'+!H;#33!?!A??<,2PCQNB 53 5.2.1.2 92#*+#'+!H;#33!"!ANRS!??<,2!SCQLB 53 5.2.1.3 92#*+#'+!H;#33!H!A??<,2TNRB 53 5.2.2 62-.'!'.J)/'.0.*23!5('!0#*#&.0.*2!#*+!0#/*2.*#*$. 54 5.2.2.1 9)'5#$.!.@.**.33!#*+!:/*+/*&!#:/;/2= 54 5.2.2.2 ,'#5/$%#:/;/2=!#*+!$(*2/*)/2= 54 VTI meddelande 852A Contents iii 5.2.2.3 H'(335#;; 54 5.2.2.4 1.#32!#$$.72#:;.!$(*+/2/(*!$;#33!!!!!54 5.2.2.5 <'#/*#&. 55 5.2.2.6 9;(7.3 55 5.2.2.7! K'/$2/(* 55 5.2.2.8 U)#;/2=!(5!>.#'/*&!$()'3. 55 5.2.2.9 K'..+(0!5'(0!(:32#$;.3 55 5.2.2.10 </@.'3/(*!(5!2'#55/$ 55 5.2.2.11 97.$/#;!$(*+/2/(*3 56 6 Factors which influence the operation and maintenance of gravel roads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peration and maintenance methods 75 7.1 <)32!$(*2'(; 76 7.1.1 </55.'.*2!'.#3(*3!5('!+)32!$(*2'(; 77 7.1.2 </55.'.*2!2=7.3!(5!+)32!$(*2'(; 78 7.1.3 </55.'.*2!2=7.3!(5!+)32!$(*2'(;!#&.*2 79 7.1.3.1 W#2.' 80 7.1.3.2 4*('&#*/$!3#;23 80 7.1.3.3 Y(*O:/2)0/*()3!('&#*/$!$-.0/$#;3 96 7.1.3.4 "/2)0/*()3!!0#2.'/#;3 106 7.1.3.5 H;#=! 121 7.1.3.6 6/;!#3!+)32!$(*2'(;!#&.*2 122 7.1.4 H(323!(5!+)32!$(*2'(;!)3/*&!3#;2[!;/&*(3);7-(*#2.3!#*+!:/2)0.*! .0);3/(* 123 VTI meddelande 852A Contents iv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ondition assessment of gravel roads 154 8.1 ?33.330.*2!(5!2-.!$(*+/2/(*!(5!&'#@.;!'(#+3!/*!9>.+.* 155 8.1.1 9):^.$2/@.!#33.330.*2 155 8.1.1.1 9>.+/3-!I(#+!4*32/2)2.[!CDML 155 8.1.1.2 ?*+'.*!#*+!K'#*33(*!_!`,Z[!CDEa 155 8.1.1.3 407'(@.0.*2!#*+!0#/*2.*#*$.!(5!&'#@.;!'(#+3[!bKcGb!3$#;.