Baloch Nationalism and its Impact on Political and Economic Development of Balochistan (2001-2014) THIS THESIS IS SUBMITTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF THE PUNJAB, LAHORE IN FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OFDOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY By Javeria Jahangir Roll No.1 Session 2007 Centre for South Asian Studies, University of the Punjab, Quaid-i-Azam Campus, Lahore. September 2015 CERTIFICATE This is certified that the present thesis entitled, Baloch Nationalism and Its Impact on Political and Economic Development of Balochistan (2001-2014), is written by Ms. Javeria Jahangir d/o Maqbool Jahangir, Roll No.1, Session 2007, Centre for South Asian Studies, University of the Punjab, Lahore, for the requirement of Ph.D degree in South Asian Studies. To the best of my knowledge the thesis is based on original research. _____________________ Prof. Dr. Umbreen Javaid Director/Supervisor Centre for South Asian Studies, University of the Punjab, Quaid-i-Azam Campus, Lahore DECLARATION I hereby declare that this thesis is a result of my individual research and I have not submitted this thesis concurrently to any other university for any degree whatsoever. Javeria Jahangir Dedicated To My Father, Maqbool Jahangir (late), My Mother, Amina Ambreen And My Little Daughter Meerab i Abstract The Baloch Nationalism and their Movement include demands for political and economic autonomy; perseverance of cultural identity; maximum control over the natural resources and sometimes, complete independence from Pakistan. The native inhabitants of Balochistan have been facing continuous oppression, inequality, injustice, deprivation of freedom, ethnic rights and isolation both on economic and political level. The Baloch nationalist leaders are continuously demanding self-determination and independence from Pakistan along with the rights of economic development, social and cultural identity, The Baloch Nationalist freedom fighters, are passionately devoted to the struggle for freedom from Pakistan. The Baloch Nationalists strongly opposed all the development projects and viewed them as a great threat to their ethnicity and a conspiracy to grab their energy resources, which would oppress them politically and economically. Many projects of Mega development have been delayed due to the uncertain circumstances and lack of suitable peaceful environment. The Baloch Nationalist Movement in Balochistan is not only destroying the golden opportunity of progress on national and international level but also playing an influential and vital role in changing the scenario of global politics. The prevailing situation is providing grounds to foreign players to play their own games, to achieve their own goals, to attain, maintain and increase their political and economic power not only in Balochistan but also in other parts of the world. Balochistan, due to its geo-strategic position, has always been influential on local, national, and international politics. This present Nationalist Movement is not only a great obstacle in the social, political and economic development of Balochistan but has also damaged the security of region as the Baloch insurgents are dreaming of Greater Independent Balochistan. ii Acknowledgements It is an immense pleasure for me to write an acknowledgement because it is a big occasion for me to pay my heartiest gratitude and appreciations to all those persons who facilitated me during my research and helped me attain my ambitious goal. First of all, I am highly thankful to Allah Almighty for giving me the strength, patience and willpower that was required for the completion of this research work. From the core of my heart, I am grateful to my Supervisor Prof. Dr. Umbreen Javaid; Director, Centre for South Asian Studies, University of the Punjab. She is one of the nicest personalities I have ever met. She has been a source of encouragement and definitely, I would not be able to complete this thesis on time without her constant support, kind cooperation and attention. She guided me at every stage of my research in such a polite and encouraging way that I do not have words to express my thankfulness to her. I am very obliged to Dr. Mujahid Kamran, Vice Chancellor, University of the Punjab, and Prof. Dr. Kanwal Ameen, Chairperson, Doctoral Program Coordination Committee, for their valuable help during my hard time. I am also thankful to Mr. Jaffer Riaz Kataria; Lecturer, and Mr. Mian Muhammad Usman, Librarian, at Centre for South Asian Studies, for their support all the time. Finally, my family members deserve extraordinary tribute and acknowledgment. During this research work, my mother provided me financial support and my little daughter has always been a source of inspiration and motivation for me. Javeria Jahangir iii List of Abbreviations ASF Agribusiness Support Fund ARI Acute Respiratory Infections AGG Agent to Governor General ANP Awami National Party ADB Asian Development Bank BDA Balochistan Development Authority BRA Baloch Republican Army BSO Balochistan Students Organization BPLF Baloch People‟s Liberation Front BLA Baloch Liberation Army BHT Baloch Haq Talwar BLF Balochistan Liberation Front BRP Baloch Republican Party BNP Balochistan National Party BNP-A Baloch National Party Awami BNDP Balochistan National Democratic Party BNM Baloch National Movement BNC Balochistan National Congress BMDO Baloch Musallah Difai Organization BNYM Baloch National Youth Movement CMMC China Mining and Metallurgical Cooperation CIA Central Investigation Agency CARs Central Asian Republics CCHF Crimean Congo Haemorrhagic Fever CLL Concurrent Legislative List DSG Defense Security Guard GoB Government of Balochistan GDP Gross Domestic Production iv Ecnec Executive Committee of National Economic Council, Pakistan EFA (Plan) Education for All Plan ECE Early Childhood Education ECP Election Commission of Pakistan FATA Federally Administered Tribal Area FC Frontier Constabulary FDB Fisheries Development Board FLL Federal Legislative List GUPC Great United Petroleum Holdings Company GPI Gender Parity Index ISO Imamia Student Organization IP Iran-Pakistan IP1 Iran-Pakistan-India IG Inspector General JWP Jamhori Watan Party JUI-F Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam Fazl JUP Jamiat-e-Ulema-e- Pakistan JI Jamaat-e-Islami LeJ Lashkar-e-Janghvi LFO Legal Framework Order LPG Liquid Petroleum Gas MCC Metallurgical Construction Corporation MCC Metallurgical Corp of China MNA Member of National Assembly MPNR Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Resources MDG Mega Development Goals MMA Muttahidda Majlis-i-Amal NAP National Awami Party NWFP North West Frontier Province NP National Party NP-H National Party-Hai Group v NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NFC National Finance Commission NES National Economic Survey NRO National Reconciliation Ordinance NCHD National Commission for Human Development OGDCL Oil and Gas Development Company Limited PPL Pakistan Petroleum Limited PNP Pakistan National Party PFAR Popular Front for Armed Resistance PPP Pakistan People‟s Party PPPP Pakistan People‟s Party Parliamentarians PkMAP Pakhtunkhwa Milli Awami Party PML-N Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz PML-Q Pakistan Muslim League-Quaid-e-Azam PADC Pak-Afghan Defense Council PSDP Public Sector Development Program RAW Research and Analysis Wing SSP Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan SEZ Special Economic Zone SMEDA Small and Medium Enterprises Development Authority SDPI Sustainable Development Policy Institute TTP Tehrik-e-Taliban Balochistan TAPI Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India TCPL Tethyan Copper Prosperity Limited TCCP Tethyan Copper Company of Pakistan UAE United Arab Emirates UNDP United Nations Development Program vi Table of Contents Title Page No Abstract i Acknowledgements ii List of Abbreviations iii-v Table of Contents vi-xv List of Tables xvi-xviii List of Maps xix Chapter One 1-15 Introduction 1. Introduction 1 2. Literature Review 5 3. Research Methodology 12 4. Research Questions 13 5. Organization of Research 13 References 16 Chapter Two 17-69 Balochistan: Land and People 1. The Baloch and Balochistan: Origin and History 17 2. Balochistan under Foreign Powers 18 2.1 Balochistan under Persian Influence 19 2.2 Balochistan under Arab Rule 20 2.3 Mongolian Invasion 21 2.4 First Organized Baloch Confederacy 21 2.5 Balochistan under British Dominance 22 3. Accession of Balochistan into Pakistan in 1947 25 vii 3.1. Conflicts between Government of Pakistan and Baloch 27 Nationalists 4. Geographical location 28 5. Physical Features and Topography 30 5.1 Topography 30 I. The Upper Highlands 30 II. The Lower Highlands 30 III. The Plains 31 IV. Deserts 31 V. The Coastal Line 31 5.2. Rivers of Balochistan 31 5.3 Forests 32 I. Juniper Forests 34 II. Chilghoza Pine Forests 34 III. Olive-Pistacia Forests 34 IV. Olive – Acacia Forests 34 V. Kohistan Forests 34 VI. Desert Forests 35 VII. Mangrove Forests 35 VIII. Alien/Invasive Forests 35 IX. Tropical Desert Thorn Forests 35 5.4 Mountain Ranges 35 6. Climate and Temperature 36 6.1. Rainfall 37 7. Economy of Balochistan 37 7.1. Natural Resources 38 I. Copper/Gold/Silver 39 II. Chromite 39 III. Iron 39 IV. Lead Zinc 40 viii V. Antimony 40 VI. Manganese 40 VII. Fluorite 41 VIII. Barite 41 IX. Gypsum and Anhydrite 41 X. Onyx Marble 41 XI. Sand and Gravel 41 XII. Sulpher 42 XIII. Limestone 42 7.2 Energy Resources 42 I. Natural Gas and Oil 42 II. Coal 43 III. Wind Energy Potential 43 IV. Solar Energy Potential 44 8. Agriculture 44 8.1. Fruit Production 45 I. Fruits Grown in Upland Zone 45 II. Fruits Grown in Coastal Zone 45 8.2 Food Crops 45 8.3 Irrigation and Water Supply System 47 8.4 Fisheries 48 8.5 Livestock 49 9. Communication and Infrastructure 50 10. Ethnic and Linguistic Composition 51 11. Religious Behavior 55 12. Administrative Divisions of Balochistan 55 13. Tribes of Balochistan 57 14. Prominent Baloch Tribes 58 I. The Bugti Tribe 58 II. The Marri Tribe 58 ix III. The Mengal Tribe 59 References 60 Chapter Three 70-109 Geo-Strategic Significance of Balochistan 1. Geo Strategic Significance of Pakistan 70 2. Historical Perspective of Strategic Significance of Balochistan 70 3. Strategic Significance Due to Geographical Position 73 4. Strategic Significance of Balochistan as Marine Passage 74 5.