After Yugoslavia Also by Robert Hudson LAND AND IDENTITY (edited with Neil Campbell and Christine Berberich, forthcoming April 2011) PEACE, CONFLICT AND IDENTITY: Multidisciplinary Approaches to Research (edited with Francisco Ferrándiz and Wolfgang Benedek, 2009) DIFFERENT APPROACHES TO PEACE AND CONFLICT RESEARCH (edited with Hans-Joachim Heintze, 2008) THE POLITICS OF IDENTITY: Migrants and Minorities in Multicultural States (edited with Fred Réno, 2000) A HISTORICAL ATLAS OF ASIA (edited with Ian Barnes, 1998) A HISTORICAL ATLAS OF EUROPE (edited with Ian Barnes, 1998) THE PENGUIN HISTORICAL ATLAS OF RUSSIA (edited with John Channon, 1995) Also by Glenn Bowman SHARING THE SACRA: The Politics and Pragmatics of Inter-Communal Relations around Holy Places (forthcoming 2011) COMMON GROUND: The Practice and Politics of ‘Mixed Shrines’ in Israel/ Palestine and Macedonia (forthcoming) After Yugoslavia Identities and Politics within the Successor States Edited by Robert Hudson Professor in European History and Cultural Politics, University of Derby, UK and Glenn Bowman Senior Lecturer in Anthropology, University of Kent at Canterbury, UK Editorial matter, selection and introduction © Robert Hudson and Glenn Bowman 2012 All remaining chapters © respective authors 2012 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2012 978-0-230-20131-6 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6-10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2012 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-29942-3 ISBN 978-0-230-30513-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230305137 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data After Yugoslavia : identities and politics within the successor states / edited by Robert Hudson, Glenn Bowman. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Former Yugoslav republics—Politics and government. 2. Post- communism—Former Yugoslav republics. 3. Identity politics—Former Yugoslav republics. 4. Ethnicity—Former Yugoslav republics. 5. Nationalism—Former Yugoslav republics. 6. Social conflict—Former Yugoslav republics. 7. Former Yugoslav republics—Social conditions. 8. Balkan Peninsula—Politics and government—1989– I. Hudson, Robert, 1955– II. Bowman, Glenn. DR1318.A35 2011 949.703—dc22 2011007797 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 As always, Elizabeth and with thanks to Maria for the two most precious gifts in this world For Robert-John, Emilie-Anne and Haris May your generation be spared from some of the terrible things experienced and witnessed by your parents’ generation. Contents List of Abbreviations and Acronyms ix Acknowledgements xi Notes on Contributors xii Introduction 1 Robert Hudson and Glenn Bowman 1 Constitutional Ethno- Nationalism after Fifteen Years 20 Vojin Dimitrijević 2 Kosovo and Two Dimensions of the Contemporary Serb–Albanian Conflict 26 Nebojša Vladisavljević 3 Why the Peaceful Resistance Movement in Kosovo Failed 43 Shkëlzen Maliqi 4 The Paradox of the Solution: The Impact of the Kosovo Question on Macedonia 77 Maja Muhić 5 Pride and Perplexities: Identity Politics in Macedonia and Its Theatrical Refractions 92 Ivan Dodovski 6 A Re-examination of the Position of the Student Movement in Serbia 105 Vladimir Marković 7 Bosnia and Herzegovina: Citizenship versus Nationality 120 Neven Andjelić 8 Singing the Politics of the Croatian Transition 132 Ines Prica 9 The Gender Dimension of Conflict and Reconciliation: Ten Years After: Women Reconstructing Memory 144 Vesna Kesić vii viii Contents 10 Unable to Heal: Debate on the National Self in Post- Socialist Slovenia 153 Irena Šumi 11 No Monuments, No History, No Past: Monuments and Memory 182 Božidar Jezernik 12 Belgrade–Ljubljana–Brussels 192 Slavko Gaber 13 Hypercapitalism As the Replacement of Old Nationalist Fears 207 Renata Salecl 14 Revisiting Involvement and Detachment: Yugoslavia As an Object of Scholarship 223 John B. Allcock Bibliography 243 Index 257 Abbreviations and Acronyms ASNOM The Anti-Fascist Assembly for the People’s Liberation of Macedonia (Antifašističko sobranie na Narodnoto Osloboducanje na Makedonija) – an independent Macedonian State formed between 1944 and 1994 CWWV Centre for Women War Victims (in Zagreb) DEMOS Democratic Opposition of Slovenia (Demokratična opozic- ija Slovenije), coalition founded in 1989 and led by Jože Pučnik DPA Democratic Party of the Albanians (Demokratska partija na Albancite/ Partia Demokratik Shqiptare) in Macedonia, led by Mendu Thaçi DS Democratic Party (Demokratska Stranka) in the Republic of Serbia DSS Democratic Party of Serbia (Demokratska Stranka Srbije) DUI Democratic Union for Integration (Demokratska unija za integracija) Albanian movement in Macedonia, formed in 2001 and led by Ali Ahmati FRY Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Savezna Republika Yugoslavija – SRJ) renamed the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro (Državna Zajednica Srbija i Crna Gora) between 2003 and 2006 FYROM The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, i.e. Macedonia HDZ The Croatian Democratic Union (Hrvatska Demokratska Zajednica) originally led by Franjo Tuđman and now led by Jadranka Kosor, while the HDZ 1990 was a breakaway Bosnian Croat party, founded in 2006 and led by Boz Ljubić IDP Internally Displaced Person KFOR Kosovo Force KLA/UÇK Kosovo Liberation Army (Ushtria Çlirimtare e Kosovës) LKÇK National Liberation Movement of Kosova (Levizja Kombetare per Çlirimine e Kosovës) LDK Democratic League of Kosova (Lidhja Demokratike e Kosovës) founded in December 1989, led by Fatmir Sejdiu ix x List of Abbreviations and Acronyms LPK Popular Movement for Kosova (Levizja Popullore e Kosovës), led by Emrush Xhemajli (2000–2008) LPRK Popular Movement for the Republic of Kosovo MNT Macedonian National Theatre (Makedonski Naroden Teatar) NDH The Independent State of Croatia, (Nezavisna Država Hrvatske) founded in April 1941 and existed until May 1945. Led by Ante Pavelić (1941–1943) and then by Nikola Mandić (1943–1945) NGO Non-Governmental Organisation NLA (Albanian) National Liberation Army in northern Macedonia (Oslobiteljna Narodna Armija) also known in Albania as UÇK (Ushtria Çlirimtare e Kosovës), founded in 1999 and led by KLA commander Ali Ahmeti OECD Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development OSCE Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe OTPOR Resistance (otpor) movement in Serbia QIK Kosova Information Center (Qeendra për Informim e Kosovës) RS Republika Srpska – the Bosnian Serb Republic SANU Serbian Academy of Arts and Sciences (Srpska Akademia Nauka i Umjetnosti) SDP Social Democratic Party in Croatia (Socijaldemokratska partija Hrvatske), originally led by Ivica Račan and now by Zoran Milanović SDS Serbian Democratic Party (Srpska Demokratska Stranka), originally led by Radovan Karadžić and now by Mladen Bosić SDSM Social Democratic Union of Macedonia (Socijaldemokratski sojuz na Makedonija), founded in 1990 and currently led by Branko Crvenkovski SFRY Socialist Federative Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRJ – Socijalistička Federativna Republika Jugoslavija) SNSD Alliance of Independent Social Democrats (Savez Nezavisnih Socijaldemokrata) – the Serbian party in Republika Srpska, led by Milorad Dodik UNMIK United Nations Mission in Kosovo VRMO-DPNE Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Party Acknowledgements The authors are very appreciative of the assistance provided for this project by the British Association for Central and Eastern Europe (Elizabeth Barker Fund); the Sarajevo Office of the British Council; Humanitariannet (the Thematic Network in Humanitarian Develop- ment Studies), and its offshoot EDEN (European Doctoral Enhancement Network in Peace and Conflict Studies); Research Analysts (Foreign and Commonwealth Office); and the University of Derby (Research Inspired Curriculum Fund). We would also like to thank Alexei Fedorov for his help with some of the editing, and Adem Repeša for his help with trans- lating and his constant support and friendship over the years. xi Contributors John B. Allcock was head of the Research Unit in South East European Studies at the University of Bradford (1981–2001), where