Corso di Dottorato di ricerca in Lingue, culture e società moderne e Scienze del linguaggio ciclo 30° Tesi di Ricerca Stuck in the Middle A morphosyntactic analysis of the deponent verbs from Latin to Romance SSD: L-LIN/01 Coordinatore del Dottorato ch. prof. Enric Bou Maqueda Supervisore ch. prof. Alessandra Giorgi Dottorando Francesco Pinzin Matricola 956151 Contents Introduction 1. Aim of the work and proposal..........................................................................................................................................3 2. A corpus language and its problems.................................................................................................................................7 3. The database and the methodology...................................................................................................................................9 4. Structure............................................................................................................................................................................9 Part I 1. The primary concepts.....................................................................................................................................................15 1.1 A short outline of the verbal system of Classical Latin..........................................................................................15 1.1.1 Moods.............................................................................................................................................................19 1.1.2 Tenses.............................................................................................................................................................21 1.1.3 Diathesis.........................................................................................................................................................24 1.2 The notion of deponency.........................................................................................................................................27 1.3 Argument structure.................................................................................................................................................32 2. The Latin Middle morphology.......................................................................................................................................47 2.1 A cross-linguistic and diachronic perspective........................................................................................................47 2.1.1 The distribution of the Middle morphology in Latin.....................................................................................47 2.1.2 SE ‘self’ pronominal elements in Italian and German, a similar distribution................................................49 2.1.3 A brief overview of the diachronic analysis of the -r morpheme...................................................................51 2.1.4 A brief overview of the diachronic analysis of the other personal endings, of the infinitive and of the per- fect...........................................................................................................................................................................52 2.2 The Latin Middle/-r morphology: a syntactic approach.........................................................................................54 2.2.1 The ontology of eventive heads, the Latin data..............................................................................................54 2.2.2 The core of the Middle morphology: anticausatives, reflexives and passives...............................................67 2.2.3 Anticausatives, reflexives and middle-passives, a complex cohabitation: Anticausatives as reflexives (Koontz-Garboden 2009)........................................................................................................................................72 2.2.4 Anticausatives, passives and reflexives within a typology of Voice (Schäfer 2008, 2017)...........................75 2.2.5 The Latin Middle morphology within the typology of Voice°......................................................................88 2.2.6 A proposal for the elimination of expletive Voice°.......................................................................................93 3. Deponent verbs.............................................................................................................................................................111 3.1 Deponents as idiosyncratic forms.........................................................................................................................111 3.2 Deponents as standard Middles.............................................................................................................................113 3.2 Beyond idiosyncrasy.............................................................................................................................................114 3.3 The productive core of deponents.........................................................................................................................116 3.3.1 The characteristics of the productive deponents..........................................................................................119 3.3.2 The Identification denominal deponents......................................................................................................121 3.3.3 The Possession denominal deponents..........................................................................................................131 3.3.4 The Possession+Identification denominal/deadjectival deponents..............................................................136 3.3.5 Concluding remarks about denominal/deadjectival deponents....................................................................140 3.4 The non-denominal/deadjectival deponents..........................................................................................................141 3.4.1 The third category........................................................................................................................................142 3.4.2 The second category.....................................................................................................................................143 3.4.3 The first category..........................................................................................................................................152 4. Beyond Latin, what lexicon can and cannot do............................................................................................................173 5. Concluding remarks......................................................................................................................................................181 Part II 1. Introductory remarks....................................................................................................................................................187 1.1 The set of data and the main philological issues...................................................................................................188 1.2 Organizing the analysis.........................................................................................................................................190 2. Denominal/deadjectival deponents, diachronically......................................................................................................193 2.1 Identification denominal/deadjectival deponents..................................................................................................193 2.1.1 III century BCE – 150 BCE.........................................................................................................................194 2.1.2 II century BCE..............................................................................................................................................208 2.1.3 I century BCE...............................................................................................................................................212 2.1.4 I cent. CE......................................................................................................................................................214 2.1.5 II cent. CE.....................................................................................................................................................215 2.1.6 From the III cent. CE on...............................................................................................................................215 2.2 Possession denominal/deadjectival deponents......................................................................................................218 2.2.1 III cent. BCE – 150 BCE..............................................................................................................................219 2.2.2 II cent. BCE..................................................................................................................................................226 2.2.3 I cent. BCE...................................................................................................................................................230 2.2.4 I cent. CE......................................................................................................................................................236 2.2.5 II cent. CE.....................................................................................................................................................240