University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Biological Systems Engineering--Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research Biological Systems Engineering 8-2010 Evaluation of Ethanol and Water Introduction via Fumigation on Efficiency and Emissions of a Compression Ignition Engine Using an Atomization Technique Grant S. Janousek University of Nebraska at Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/biosysengdiss Part of the Biological Engineering Commons Janousek, Grant S., "Evaluation of Ethanol and Water Introduction via Fumigation on Efficiency and Emissions of a Compression Ignition Engine Using an Atomization Technique" (2010). Biological Systems Engineering--Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research. 9. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/biosysengdiss/9 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Biological Systems Engineering at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Biological Systems Engineering--Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. EVALUATION OF ETHANOL AND WATER INTRODUCTION VIA FUMIGATION ON EFFICIENCY AND EMISSIONS OF A COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINE USING AN ATOMIZATION TECHNIQUE By Grant S. Janousek A THESIS Presented to the Faculty of The Graduate College at the University of Nebraska In Partial Fulfillment of Requirements For the Degree Master of Science Major: Agricultural and Biological Systems Engineering Under the Supervision of Professor Roger Hoy Lincoln, Nebraska August, 2010 ii Evaluation of Ethanol and Water Introduction via Fumigation on Efficiency and Emissions of a Compression Ignition Engine Using an Atomization Technique Grant S. Janousek, M.S. University of Nebraska, 2010 Advisor: Roger Hoy Abstract Performance of a diesel engine, equipped for ethanol and water fumigation, was studied. The method implemented allowed for non-destructive introduction of liquids in advance of the turbocharger. Engine torque, speed, emission components, diesel and ethanol fuel rates were recorded and analyzed for each mixture of inputs. Based on the results of the study, thermal efficiency was not significantly different from the baseline diesel performance when using several ethanol and water mixtures. On the other hand, ethanol fumigation caused a significant reduction in NOx emissions and an increase in HC and CO emissions. No significant changes in CO 2 or O 2 occurred. iii Acknowledgements The author would like to thank those who have assisted and provided guidance throughout the research. The content of this thesis would not exist without the help from everyone involved. God, for support and guidance throughout my life. My wife, Becky, for her love and support. She also assisted during weekend testing. My family for believing in me, and their support and encouragement throughout my education. Dr. Roger Hoy for his guidance as advisor and for providing the resources necessary to perform engine research. Dr. Viacheslav Adamchuk and Dr. Milford Hanna for their expertise and advice while serving on my graduate committee. Dr. Anne Parkhurst for her excellence as a statistics professor and statistics advisor. Austin Lammers who wrote the LabVIEW program and for his expertise on instrumentation and data collection. The Nebraska Tractor Test Laboratory, Dave Morgan, Brent Sampson and Ray Kubert for providing technical assistance, resources and the facility to complete this research. Scott Minchow and the Biological Systems Engineering Shop for assistance and providing the resources for building safety shields and test stands. iv John Eastin and Kamterter for providing a nozzle to be evaluated and personnel to assist in tests. The 2010 student employees of the Nebraska Tractor Test Laboratory for their assistance in engine set-up and testing. The Department of Biological Systems Engineering faculty for their expertise and advice on various topics while performing this work. Robert Weber for his assistance and expertise on fuels, bomb calorimetry and emission testing. John Deere Power Systems for sparking my interest in emission reduction and aftertreatment technologies throughout my three internships, and for their technical assistance while testing. The Industrial Products Center and Loren Isom for their assistance in this research. Industrial Irrigation for loaning the John Deere engine to be used for educational and test purposes. Water, Energy, and Agriculture Initiative (WEAI) of Nebraska for their financial support. Nebraska Center for Energy Sciences for their support in this research. Everyone involved, Thank you. v Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ iii Table of Contents ................................................................................................................ v List of Figures .................................................................................................................... ix List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... xi Chapter 1: Introduction ..................................................................................................1 1.1 The Need For A Fumigation Study .................................................1 1.2 Objective..........................................................................................2 Chapter 2: Literature Review.........................................................................................3 2.1 NOx Formation ................................................................................3 2.2 NOx Reduction Techniques ............................................................ 4 2.2.1 Engine Control .................................................................... 4 2.2.2 Injection .............................................................................. 5 2.2.3 Exhaust Gas Recirculation .................................................. 6 2.2.4 Advanced Turbocharging .................................................... 7 2.2.5 NOx Specific Aftertreatment Systems ................................ 7 2.3 Past Fumigation Results ................................................................ 11 2.3.1 Methanol Fumigation with a Diesel Oxidation Catalyst... 11 vi 2.3.2 Ethanol Fumigation ........................................................... 12 2.3.3 Water Induction In Diesel Engines ................................... 15 Chapter 3: Material and Methods ................................................................................16 3.1 Test Criteria ...................................................................................16 3.1.1 Test Design .........................................................................16 3.1.2 Location Selection ..............................................................16 3.1.3 Engine Selection .................................................................16 3.1.4 Fuels....................................................................................17 3.1.5 Nozzle Description..............................................................20 3.1.6 Instrumentation ...................................................................22 3.1.7 Data Acquisition .................................................................25 3.2 Test Procedure ...............................................................................25 3.3 Data Analysis.................................................................................27 Chapter 4: Ethanol Fumigation Results .......................................................................29 4.1 Emissions Results ..........................................................................29 4.1.1 NOx ..................................................................................29 4.1.2 Carbon Monoxide ...............................................................33 4.1.3 Carbon Dioxide...................................................................33 4.1.4 Oxygen................................................................................34 4.1.5 Hydrocarbons ......................................................................35 vii 4.2 Thermal Efficiency Results ...........................................................38 4.3 Engine Performance Results..........................................................38 4.3.1 Engine Power and Torque ..................................................39 4.3.2 Brake Specific Fuel Consumption ......................................40 4.3.3 Turbocharger ......................................................................40 4.4 Future Work...................................................................................42 Chapter 5: Water Fumigation Results..........................................................................43 5.1 Emissions Results ..........................................................................43 5.2 Thermal Efficiency Results ...........................................................44 5.3 Engine Performance Results ..........................................................45 5.4 Future Work ...................................................................................45