The Brill Types John Hudson, Tiro Typeworks, [email protected] This presentation was originally delivered at Typo Berlin, Friday 16 May 2014. The company now known as Brill began publishing at Leiden in 1683. In late 2012, they initiated a celebration of 330 years of scholarly publishing with an exhibition at the Boerhaave science museum in Leiden, a symposium on the mutuality of typography and scholarship, and the official launch of the new Brill typefaces. I had first been approached by Brill in 2006, and in this presentation I will give a necessarily condensed history of the development of the types over six years. To provide the background to that story, I need to begin with an even more condensed history of 330 years of typography at Brill. This is one of the earliest Brill publications, from 1686: a grammar of Biblical Aramaic and Syriac by Charles Schaaf. Even at this early stage, the combination of different languages and writing systems was a feature of Brill typography, as it remains today. Striding through the centuries, on the left is a 1747 edition of the Erpenius-Schultens Grammatica Arabica. The Arabic type is pretty crude, but the page is a good example of the textual complexity that remains common in Brill books. On the right is a Sanskrit manual compiled by Antonie Rutgers, published in 1851. This is interesting for a couple of reasons: it is a publication that was conceived not primarily as a scholarly work but as a manual for typesetters, but it also represents the early development of standardised Latin transcription of Sanskrit using special diacritics. While Brill often publish texts in original writing systems, they make very extensive use of transcription and transliteration—of ‘romanisation’—, requiring extensive diacritic sets as well as phonetic notation characters. For much of the firm’s history, Brill typeset books in-house and had them locally printed in The Netherlands. These photographs show the Brill composing room in 1951, and the use of an Intertype machine in the 1960s. With the advent of digital typesetting, authors and editors assumed greater responsibility for the preparation of texts for publication, and like most major publishers Brill now contract-out typesetting and printing overseas. B *baH ‘to shine’ *bar •AVESTAN: (+ *�-) ? YAv. auu�- ‘to have9 the appearance of, be like’ || (+ *fra-) frauu�- ‘to shine’ || (+ *ni-) ? YAv. -niuu�- ‘to radiate downwards’ || (+ *�i-) YAv. bar�áy/bar-, Jow. bam-ba(r)t/a-b�r-, Shamerz.viuu -v��-rd-/b ‘to shineør�n- forth‘to ’take, (cf. Forssmancarry (away, 2000: 104) || (+ *�i-�-) YAv. vii�uu�- ‘to be off)’, Awrom. berd/ber-, Gur. (Kand.) bärd-/-luminousīr- (subj./impv.’ � Liste: 38bä r- ) ‘to carry off’, Pres.: IND. 3sg. YAv. frauu�iti (Yt 14.13), YAv. viuu�ti (Yt 8.40); Partic.: pres. YAv. auu��t�m (Yt Zaz. berdiš/ben-, (subj.) ber-, Abz. barda/bor-8.50),, YAv.ber- vii, �uuaAbyan.�t- (Yt 8.2),barda/bar- YAv. r�maniuu, Fariz.� (Yt 8.9). ◊ YAv. auu��t�m shows shortening of initial -bärd-/-bär-, Yar. -bard-/-bar-, Ham. bä(prev.)rtan/ber- �- ?, ,for otherIsfah. examples bärt seeän/b Deä Vaanr-, 2003:Jow. 123. For a different interpretation of YAv. auu��t�m bam-å:rt/a-ta:r-, Meim. b�m-ba/a-b�r-, Mah. seebir- Panaino,, Natan. l.c.: 74:-bord-/bor- ‘to such an extent, -bä’,r- cf., Gershevitch,Qohr. l.c.: 152. On YAv. r�maniuu� ‘radiating peace downwards’, cf. Gershevitch 1967: 282 f., Panaino, Tišt. I: 102. barda/ber-, Varz. barte/ber- ‘to carry, bring (to)’, Nn. barte/bir- ‘to carry off, take •MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP b’m, BMP b’m ‘splendour, radiance’ � DMMPP: 103b ’ ‘ ’ ä ä away , Khuns. ber-, bir-/birt to carry (away);• PARTHIANto win (in: b games)’m ‘radiance,, Semn. splendour b rd-/-b’. ◊ rThere is no justification for assuming an ‘to carry away, forth’, Sang. -bárt-/bänd-, (subj./impv.)additional meaning -bär- ‘reason, Soi ’,-b DMMPPär-, Sorkh.: l.c. � DMMPP: 103b 1 -ord-/ (supplet. bé-n-, bé-nn- < *naiH ), Lasg.•KHOTANESE -bard-/ :(supplet. b�’ya- ‘ray pres. of light1sg.’ ||b (+ī-n * �<i- ) LKh. vīv(a)- ‘to shine’ (perhaps vīv- < 1 *naiH ) ‘to bring, carry (away, along)’ || (+ *�*-)� i-bi-bNP �vurdan/�-, SGS:� l.c.)(va)r- � ‘SGS:to bring 124’ , Kurd. (Sina) h�wirdin/er-, Awrom. �wr�áy/-�r- ‘to •bring;SOGDIAN to : setBSogd. to’, Abyan.’m, MSogd. �rdan/ ’(subj.)m ‘glow, colour’, CSogd. b’m ‘dawn, morning’, b-or-, Anar. -iyorto/iyor-, Bakht. avērdan, Fariz.BSogd. -t- år-/-m-’m’k å‘rd-colour, Yar.’, BSogd. -t-år-/-m- ’må’rd-nt , ‘shining’ || (+ *pati-) ? BSogd. ptyw, Gil. (Rsht.) �värdœn/ævär-, Gur. (Kand.) -�wúCSogd.rd-, �wird-/- ptbyw �‘r-honour,, Ham. respect artän/ar-’ || ,(+ Isfah. *pari- ) BSogd. pr’s, CSogd. prf’- ‘to change 1 arän/ar-, Jow. bam-å:rt/a-ta:r-, Meim. b�m-t-/a-tar-colour ’(infl.. ◊ BSogd. caus. prof ’*st,a CSogd.rH ?), prfKhuns.’- possibly go back to a pres. stem *prf’s- < i � � � � redupl. *pari-b� �/a-b -sa-, withå -f- < *-å -f-‘ < *- - - (Sims-Williams 1984: 148). r-/ rt, Khr. bi-oword-, bi-owurd-, Mah. r-(+, *pari-Nn. ) yImpf.:rt/t- IND.r-, 3sg.Natan. BSogd. -prrd-/-’y’s; Partic.:r- to perf. pass. CSogd. prf’c (f.) ‘changed in colour, pale bring, fetch’, Semn. �värd-/ b�-�r-‘to bring’, ofShamerz. face’ -ord-, urán-, Sorkh. -œrd-/ 1 (supplet. a-ví-n-, a-ve-n- < *�- + *naiH ), Lasg.•CHORESMIAN -ord-/ :(supplet. (+ *apa-) bö-v’s-í-n ‘to < become *�- + pale (of face)’ � Samadi: 13 *naiH1), Sang. -jórt-/ (supplet. å-vä-n- < *�- •+NWIR *na: iNPH1 )b �‘tom ‘bring,morning, lead dawn;’ || (+splendour, *fra-) light’ •NEIR: ‘ ’ ‘ ’ ‘ ’ Kurd. (Kurm.) farw�r(a) (f.) ‘favour; gift, present ’Oss. || (+ bon *ham- day ), Sariq.NP anb vuyn�r ‘light,ricks, radiance , Wa. voyn fire; light || (+ *ni-) Oss. I. nyv, D. nivæ ‘image, drawing, painting, form’ || (+ *�i-) Oss. I. ivajyn/ivad, stacks of corn’ from group-writing to word association 75 D. ivajun/ivad ‘ to pale, wither; to dawn’ NEIR 1 B • : Oss. I. baryn/barst, D. barun/barst ‘toSÌ acontemplate,uaaaaaa measuretSi ś频h频̣ w频whsi.̠’; whichto incorporatesforgive ’, •asSANSKRIT its first part the: namebh �of the‘to constellation shine, “Orion”,be bright Eg. ś频h.̣ ’ (RV+) � EWAia II: 259 Pash. w�-/w��l ‘to carry (something)’, Sh. Onev group,�r-/vdh the sign, combination Orosh.*baH ‘ito¡ shine or Òiv that’� r-/vg originally ,stands Sariq. for •PIE *b eH - ‘to shine’ � LIV: 68 f. | Pok.: 104 f. the interjection | “oh!”,2 is attested•AVESTAN several: (+ times *� -already) ? YAv. in this auu corpus�- ‘to have the appearance of, be like’ || (+ *fra-) � � ú and likely� to� be one ‘of the earliest cases’ where an inherentы fixed ‘vowel vor-/v wg, Yzgh. var-/v g, Yghn. var-/v rta, v rta to bring� ‘ , Wa.’ v r load, � ‘ ’ � •isIE intended COGNATES to be represented;: Gr.frauu this -group to shine has(aor.) a very|| (+ long ‘*ni-lit tradition ) up,? YAv. appeared in -niuu - to ’radiate (Hom.), downwards Gr. || (+ * i-) YAv.‘I shine, appear’, burden’ || (+ *ati-) Yghn. d�vár-, d�vár-/d�wtheá r-/Egyptian (supplet. orthography‘ of viuu dforeign��á�- ‘ words.tota’ shine < Altogether, forth*ati-gam-’ (cf. weá haveForssman‘ still) a ‘ 2000:to 104) || (+’ *�i-�-) YAv. vii�uu�- ‘to be Arm.very low degreebanam of precise I indicationluminousreveal of’ , the� OIrish Liste:vowels. 38 The b writingn white, is not shining , etc. insert, introduce’ || (+ *�-) Yi. �v�r-/�v��, M. •�systematicallyREFERENCESver-/�ver- different: IIFL ‘ fromtoPres.: II: thatbring 547; IND.of Egyptian 3sg. Abaev,(something) YAv. words frauu Slovarand�iti names; (Yt’ 14.13),I: rather’ 265, || YAv. (+ 553; viuu �Abaev,ti (Yt 8.40); Slovar Partic.: pres.’ II: YAv. 210 auu f.;�� tEVS�m (Yt: 87a; DKS: 277a any difference is due almost8.50), exclusively YAv. vii to�uua the� t-fact (Yt that 8.2), certain YAv. rsound�maniuu � (Yt 8.9). ◊ YAv. auu��t�m shows shortening of initial f.;sequences Werba that 1997: are normal 306 in f.; Egyptian Steblin-Kamenskij are less normal in the 1999: foreign 381; Cheung 2002: 92 f., 194; ESIJa II: 154 ff. � � � ‘ ’ (prev.) �- ‘?, for other examples see De Vaan 2003: 123. For a different interpretation of YAv. auu��t�m *para-) Yzgh. p rvar-/*p rv g to drag acrosslanguage, – Khf.and vice versa.parfur transfer of hay or see Panaino, l.c.: 74: ‘to such an extent’, cf. Gershevitch, l.c.: 152. On YAv. r�maniuu� ‘radiating peace The transitionMuch to less digital securetechnology wasis thenot kind interpretation to Brill typography, though. that The Schneider has proposed sheaves to the carrying frame’ || (+ *fra-) Oss.complex andI. specialised læ naturevæ of therd texts, they downwardsD. were publishing læ often’,vard cf. collided Gershevitch hard (pret.) 1967: 282 ‘ f.,gave Panaino,’ Ti št. I: 102. withconcerning the limitations ofa available deity fonts occurring and software. Thisseveral image shows times some ofin the the pyramid texts and 1 *kindsmentionedb of problemsa� ‘ that toin Brill connection broughtbestow, to me in 2006with•MIDDLE … divide, Byblos. PERSIAN It is havewritten: MMP asa h bshare;颓̮ y-t’m频w, ,BMP using to b’ mgive, ‘splendour, apportion radiance’ ’ � DMMPP: 103b (supplet. of dæddyn, D. dæddun, s.v. *daH ), (orig.two-consonantal caus.) signs with ? normal•Sh.PARTHIAN phonetic(Baj.): b ’complements.m ‘rivir-/rivirtradiance, Even splendour though ‘’to. ◊ There is no justification for assuming an •itAVESTAN does not use any: specific� determinatives,š ‘ it would be theoretically ’ Martínez ba -additional (bax -meaning) to bestow, ‘reason’, DMMPP divide,: l.c. give � DMMPP: a share 103b (cf. 1999: 128 ff.) force a cow to give milk’, Oss. lævar ‘gift, presentpossible to’ ,analyze Yghn. this sequence t�fá simplyr-, tas� Egyptianfár-, “hetfar-/t who appears�rá fta, ||burning”.