From Fragility to Resilience Managing Natural Resources in Fragile States in Africa Summary Report May 2014 Cover photos: Background, left to right (Row 1 – AfDB; Enough Project; Enough Project, Nenad Marinkovic; Enough Project, Tim Freccia; Enough Project, Laura Heaton; AfDB. Row 2 – AfDB; Enough Project, Um Bartumbu; Enough Project, Doug Mercado. Row 3 - Enough Project, J. Fowler/USHMM; Enough Project, Sasha Lezhnev; United States Geological Survey; Enough Project, Tim Freccia; Enough Project, Doug Mercado. Row 4 – Enough Project, Saied Mohammed; Enough Project, Sasha Lezhnev; Enough Project, Doug Mercado; Enough Project, Nenad Marinkovic; Enough Project. Row 5 – Enough Project, Laura Heaton; Enough Project, Sasha Lezhnev; Enough Project, Laura Heaton; Enough Project, Amanda Hsiao; Enough Project, Nenad Marinkovic; Enough Project, Laura Heaton.) Foreground, left to right (Row 1 – AfDB; AfDB; AfDB. Row 2 – AfDB; Bocar Thiam; Carl Bruch; AfDB. Row 3 – AfDB; AfDB; AfDB; AfDB. Row 4 – AfDB; AfDB; AfDB; AfDB. Row 5 – AfDB. © 2014 African Development Bank Group All rights reserved. Published 2014. Printed in Tunisia. Report prepared by: Ilona Coyle (Consultant) and Carl Bruch (Co-Director of International Programs, Environmental Law Institute). On behalf of the AfDB Fragile States Department and under the supervision of: Sibry Tapsoba, Senait Assefa, Bitsat Yohannes Kassahun, El Iza Mohamedou, Frederik Teufel, and Bruno Boedts. This report was prepared by the Environmental Law Institute for the Fragile States Department of the African Development Bank. The findings reflect the opinions of the authors and not necessarily those of the African Development Bank or its Board of Directors. Every effort has been made to include inputs by Bank staff, fragile state governments, development partners, and other stakeholders. The African Development Bank (AfDB) does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication, and accept no responsibility for any consequence of their use. By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory of geographic area, or by using the term ‘country’ in this document, AfDB does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. AfDB encourages printing or copying exclusively for personal and non-commercial use with proper acknowledgement of AfDB. Users are restricted from reselling, redistributing or creating derivative works for commercial purposes without the express, written consent of AfDB. African Development Bank Group Temporary Relocation Agency Angle des Rues Pierre de Coubertin et Hédi Nouira BP 323 Tunis Belvédère 1002 Tunisie Tel. (216) -71 10 20 75 Fax. (216) -71 33 55 37 Email: [email protected] Website: www.afdb.org Acknowledgments This report was made possible through the effort and dedication of a multitude of individuals within the African Development Bank (the Bank), the Environmental Law Institute, and several fragile state governments, development partners, civil society organizations, and private sector institutions. The findings of this report were based on desk research that was enriched through interviews of more than 130 people representing Bank staff from a broad range of departments and units, as well as external development partners, implementing partners, fragile state governments, and other institutions. A list of interviewees is included as Appendix A of the full report. Preliminary findings were vetted by Bank staff members, who generously contributed their time and views in a consultative meeting in January 2013. The meeting participants are listed in Appendix B of the full report. Peer reviewers provided invaluable feedback from a broad range of perspectives both internal and external to the Bank. The peer reviewers are listed in Appendix C of the full report. Research and publication assistance was provided by numerous interns, visiting researchers, and visiting attorneys at the Environmental Law Institute, including Helaine Alon, Simonne Brousseau, Francesca Buzzi, Alyssa Casey, Elizabeth Euller, Emmanuel Feld, Farah Hegazi, Amber Kim, Brett Lingle, Delphine Robert, Carina Roselli, Mike Stephens, Janna Wandzilak, Nikita West, Joel Young, and Madaline Young. Special thanks to Adam Harris and Alex Hoover for their support on Chapters 11 and 9, respectively. The publication process also relied on the invaluable work of several contracted professionals. Graham Campbell designed the cover, prepared the style guide for the interior of the report, and performed the layout; Joelle Stallone proofread the manuscript. Photos contributed by Carl Bruch, several photographers from the Enough Project, Damien Mbonicuye, Bocar Thiam, and numerous Bank staff members have been used in the layout of the report. TC Table of Contents Acronyms ..........................................................................................................................................5 Foreword ..........................................................................................................................................6 1. Introduction ...........................................................................................................................7 1.1 Fragility, Conflict, Resilience, and Natural Resources .................................................................8 1.2 Conflict Sensitivity and Peacebuilding and Statebuilding Goals .................................................9 1.3 The AfDB Group and Development Partner Engagement .........................................................9 1.4 Objectives, Scope, and Methodology ......................................................................................10 2. Extractive Industries: Oil, Gas, and Minerals ................................10 3. Renewable Resources: Water, Land, and the Livelihoods They Support.................................................................................................................... 12 4. Infrastructure and Natural Resources: Electricity, Roads, Water Supply, and Sanitation .......................................................................... 14 5. Climate Change: Adaptation and Mitigation ................................... 15 6. Governance: Transparency, Data, Vulnerable Populations, and Anticorruption Efforts ...................................................................................16 6.1 Transparency, Participation, Accountability, and Subsidiarity ...................................................16 6.2 Data Collection and Management ..........................................................................................16 6.3 Vulnerable Populations ............................................................................................................17 6.4 Combating Corruption .............................................................................................................17 7. Concessions and Revenue Management .........................................18 7.1 Concessions ...........................................................................................................................18 7.2 Revenue Management ...........................................................................................................19 8. The Private Sector .......................................................................................................20 9. Regional Dynamics and Institutions .........................................................21 10. Conflict Sensitivity and the Program Cycle ......................................23 10.1 Development Partner Dialogues with Fragile States .................................................................23 10.2 Project Design .........................................................................................................................24 10.3 Monitoring and Evaluation of Implementation ..........................................................................24 11. Programming for Sustained Success ..................................................26 11.1 Capacity Building ....................................................................................................................26 11.2 Participatory Programming ......................................................................................................27 12. Recommendations and Next Steps ........................................................28 12.1 Mainstreaming Conflict Sensitivity and Peacebuilding and Statebuilding Objectives .................28 12.2 Data Collection, Analysis, and Management ............................................................................30 12.3 Concessions ...........................................................................................................................30 12.4 Revenue Management ...........................................................................................................31 12.5 Way Forward ...........................................................................................................................32 4 African Development Bank Group Acroynms A Acronyms AfDB: African Development Bank ALSF: African Legal Support Facility ASM: artisanal and small-scale mining AU: African Union BOT: build, operate, transfer CAR: Central African Republic COMIFAC: Central African Forest Commission CPIA: Country Policy and Institutional Assessment CSP: Country Strategy Paper DRC Democratic Republic of the Congo ECOWAS: Economic Community of West African States ESMP: Environmental