ௐ 2 ഇ! ࢱ 79-98! 2020 ѐ/आ؞ཱི !ס έ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώ! ௐ 16 Taiwan International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 79-98 Summer 2020 美國的制憲－大妥協的產物 ࡔ඲౰ ܜ୶ѯ̂ጯϏֽጯࡁտٙઘି଱ٙ ၡ ࢋ Ă˵ߏ We the people ௐ˘Ѩڱߏˠᙷௐ˘ొј͛ጳڱ઼࡚۞ጳ ࡚ٺநሀёĄࢬ၆ᙯڼĂι˵யϠ݈ٙϏ֍۞઼छ̚ڱᆷˢˠᙷ۞ጳ ጳ۞࿅඀ᄃຍטЧ჌̙Т۞ෞᆊĂώ͛ԓ୕ਕྎΐᑭෛ઼࡚ڱጳ઼ ĂТॡԓ୕ਕԱ΍າ۞هО෪ٕߏߊѣ۞௖ரໄڕגཌྷĂរᙋ˘ਠ۞ ቁםጳ۞̂ԁטጳߏ˘࣎ϔ୉ّॾᄃϔ͹ّॾ۞ዳјĄ઼࡚ט൴Ąୁ ؠѣᏮѣᛏ۞፟טϲ઼࡚ϲ઼ჟৠĂᄮ୻Ӏৈυ൒኏ࡎ۞ώኳĄΪѣ ᚶᜈĂࠎҋ̎˵ឰҾˠѣۋߏࠎ˞ឰᚮםщĄԁ˳ڼܜਕ̖ޘט׶ົ ᆸˠϔ۞ሤଐغ˞ጳගԧࣇ۞ୁϯߏĂੵטᖙώ۞፟ົĄΩγĂ઼࡚ ᄃՙ͕γĂ˯ᆸයࡻ۞ംᇊᄃኢࢗਕ˧ՀߏјΑ۞ᙯᔣĄ םጳົᛉă֣ᓑ୧ഠă̂ԁטᙯᔣෟĈ̂ౙົᛉă ăௐ 2 ഇĞ2020/आ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 16 80 I confess that there are several parts of this Constitution which I do not at present approve, but I am not sure I shall never approve them. ... I doubt too whether any other Convention we can obtain, may be able to make a better Constitution. ... It therefore astonishes me, Sir, to find this system approaching so near to perfection as it does; and I think it will astonish our enemies. Benjamin FranklinĞU.S. Constitution, n.d.ağ 壹、前言 Ăזቔ͛ౢ̚೩˘۞ܕ઼࡚৸ࡗॡಡ૞᛼үछ Thomas Friedman д౵ ΁ྙય઼࡚̂૞ੰ७؎ࣶົĞcollege boardğ࢑ య SAT ̂ጯˢጯ҂ྏ۞͹გ ˠ̀Ă̦ᆃߏ઼࡚̂ጯϠдጯ७ጯ௫ᄃ૟ֽ΍ۤົĂ౵ᙯᔣࢦࢋ۞ԫਕ׶ ĂSAT ԓ୕͔ጱՏ࣎ӈ૟ซڱඍ९ߏĈ࿪ཝࡊጯ׶઼࡚ጳ۞זᙊĉ΁଀ۢ ௐ˘࣒ϒ९ĞFirst AmendmentğĂιৠཐг੃ڱˢ̂ጯ۞ጯϠਕৌ̷ᒢྋጳ ă֏ኢăາჷăะົăᄃኛᙸ̣̂ҋϤĄপҾߏ༊݈ѣ˘࣎Ҭͼି؟඾ྶ ព˞ĞFriedman, 2019ğĄځࢦࢋّಶՀ۞ڱᓁ௚Ăጳ۞ڱᑖ଀઼࡚ጳ͉̙ Ă˵ߏ We the people ௐ˘Ѩᆷˢˠڱߏˠᙷௐ˘ొј͛ጳڱ઼࡚۞ጳ ጯ۰ BilliasڱநሀёĄ઼࡚ጳڼĂι˵யϠ݈ٙϏ֍۞઼छ̚ڱᙷ۞ጳ ࡔ͵ 19 זᇆᜩ˧ࡍ෸ 3 ࣎͵ࡔĂࢵАд 18 ͵ࡔ۞ڱĞ2009ğᄮࠎ઼࡚ጳ ᇆᜩҘΔለതϔ઼छᄃതϔг̝ม۞ᙯܼాඕĄд 19 ͵ࡔڱഇĂ઼࡚ጳܐ ឰٛ˚࡚߷ăΐઙͧঔᔘѣለ߷۞ϔ୉͹ཌྷ੠Ր۰ѣٙણڱཧĂ઼࡚ጳ̚ Ăֲ߷ᄃٛ˚࡚߷઼ޢۋഇĂд࡚Ҙጼܐࡔ͵ 20 זࡔϐഇ͵ 19 ˞ז҂Ą ĂՀᇆޢࠎֶፂĄдௐ˘Ѩ͵ࠧ̂ጼඕՁڱछ۞ϔ୉͹ཌྷྻજౌ઼࡚̏ጳ າޢજĄௐ˟Ѩ͵ࠧ̂ጼඕՁྻٸ׶ֲ߷гડ۞തϔгྋڌ߷ă̚ܧזᜩ ĄޘטᎸ۞፾ϲ઼छ˵ౌણ҂઼࡚۞ጳ߆ ϔ͹ᄃӎ۞યᗟĂ۞ڱጯ۰ Robert Dahl ݒ೩΍઼࡚ጳڼ൒҃Ă઼࡚߆ ˘ߏӎৌ۞јࠎБ͵ࠧ۞׏ቑĄ΁Е΍ 22 ࣎ᄃ઼࡚ڱТॡ΁˵ኳႷ઼࡚ጳ ĂপҾᙱטᇹᘦؠ۞ϔ͹઼छ̚Ă՟ѣЇң˘઼࣎छߏϼड़઼࡚۞ጳ߆វ 81 ۏய۞םጳů̂ԁט઼࡚۞ ăᖎטᏊ፟טĂΒӣˬᝋ̶ϲ̚۞ޘטͽሀϼ۞ߏፋ࣎஄Ъд˘੓۞পҾ ăૻ๕۞عĞfirst-past-the-postğଵᑟௐˬᛨ׶ᓑЪ߆ޘטಏкᇴՙ۞Ᏼᓝ ည̂छຐ̙֭ڱ׌ੰ઼ົҭߏ̙၆ඈ۞ણᛉੰ΃ܑᝋĄͽѩ៍̝Ă઼࡚ጳ ϲдޙߏڱညг֤ਠߏϡдБ͵ࠧЧ઼˯ĄLazareĞ1997ğՀᄮؠ઼࡚۞ጳ ࿁ጳ۞ૄᖂ˯ĂЯࠎА݈۞ĺ֣ᓑ୧ഠĻĞArticles of Confederationğఢ ؠ Ї ఼࿅Լј 13 ࣎э۞ڱጳົᛉԯጳטң࣒Լυื 13 ֣࣎۞БᇴТຍĂҭߏ ׎̚۞ 9 ఼࣎࿅ӈΞĂ҃ͷֹϡ఺࣎࿁ጳ۞ఢ݋ૻҖ఼࿅઼࡚னѣ۞఺ొ Ąڱጳ ጳ΃ܑࣇטጳົᛉߏĶ෱ݱ؈ᖹķĂטΩ˘͞ࢬĂBowenĞ1986ğݒჍ Ξਕ۞ЇચĂΪਕͽ؈ᖹΐͽԛटĄ̙ܕдೋК۞̂ᒖဩ˭ĂԆј఺ีೀ ጳ۞࿅඀טЧ჌̙Т۞ෞᆊĂώ͛ԓ୕ਕྎΐᑭෛ઼࡚ڱ઼࡚ጳٺࢬ၆ᙯ ĂТॡԓ୕ਕԱ΍າ۞هО෪ٕߏߊѣ۞௖ரໄڕגᄃຍཌྷĂរᙋ˘ਠ۞ ୁ൴Ą 貳、制憲背景 1778 ٺĂޘטĂ˵ฟؕ඾͘నࢍЧ֣̝ፋЪۋ઼࡚д 1776 ฟؕ፾ϲጼ ѐᒔ଀፾ 1783 ޢѐଯ΍ĺ֣ᓑ୧ּĻĂ1781 ѐЧ֣Тຍྍ୧ּ̝̰टĄ̝ ঐਈλ̂Ă֣ᓑ઼̝ऱ۩෍ͷๅέ੼᎝Ă۞ۋ፾ϲጼٺ౼ӀĂϤ۞ۋϲጼ ๅચ׶̀һᓟᅹĂགྷᑻᏂ୧ͷ఼Ꮆ੼ႚĄ઼ڱ᎕ͣ ڱĂ൑ޘטᓑ୧ഠ۞֣ٺࢨצݒعᓝ۞ӧဩĂ֣ᓑ߆ޞࢬ၆тѩѺᆿ ᝋેҖ̳ᝋ˧Ąѩ˜Яࠎ֣ᓑ୧ּڱᝋ˧Ă˵൑Φ̝عѣड़гҖֹ̚δ߆ ᝋăҋϤă፾ڼᝋ˧ĂఢؠЧ֣̪ጾѣ׎௚۞عពгऴ̼̚δ߆ځௐ˟୧ Ķ̂ౙົᛉķĞContinental Congressğ׎၁̙ਕعϲҋ͹ᝋĂ༊ॡ۞̚δ߆ ၆ Congress ۞ᒢྋĄֽޢٺჍࠎ઼ົĂ౤кΪߏЧ֣۞΃ܑົᛉĂ̙ਕඈТ ֣˘Ąд΃ܑົᛉ̚ĂՏع୧ּ̰ट౹ౄ΍˘࣎൑ᝋă൑ᇆᜩ˧۞̚δ߆ ኢˠ˾кဿĂౌѣπඈ۞˘ைᝋ˧ĂЧ֣ΞҋҖՙؠтңᏴࠁົᛉ΃ܑĂ̙ ࢎ઼छ߆ඉ۞טϺΞᐌॡͽЧ჌நϤಓаٕՀೱ΃ܑĄѩ΃ܑົᛉߊ৿ͻ Ąܛᝋ˧ĂՀᚑࢦ۞ߏ՟ѣᇈඁᝋĂΪਕЈᏥЧֶ֣ຍᙸ೩ֻྤ ăௐ 2 ഇĞ2020/आ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 16 82 ၆̰ᄃ၆γਕ˧ౌϏజኬ̟ĄعЧ֣˵ΞЧҋซҖγϹ̍үĂ̚δ߆ ஄ใĄ൑ੑٽЧ֣˵ѣЧҋ۞ఱ။ր௚Ă՟ѣ˘࣎௚˘۞ఱ။ĂЧ֣۞Ϲ үĄ఺ྻ̝عᐺᔘγๅĂ˵൑ੑ˧ჯ޺̚δ߆ڱĂॲώ൑˭ڶ߆ਕ˧̝ଐ ăع൑߆˯ڼၗĂለ߷ˠ˵ෛ༊ॡ۞઼࡚ߏ߆ېع൑߆ٺܕ߱ഇมΞᄲೀ ॡѣֱതϔгˠۋгડĄಶည፾ϲጼޢགྷᑻ˯൑৩Ԕă઼ϔม൑৵ኳ۞ར ࡻ઼۞௚هឰధк઼࡚ˠᘃ˵ڶېĂ఺߱஄ใ۞۞ڼ௚ވߏጾ᜕ࡻ઼ͳ̀ ᔘՀΐӧᙱĄۋந˘࣎າ۞઼छͧχᛏ፾ϲጼڼזĄ΁ࣇវົڼ ౵۞ޘטѐ۞ᔁΦ੓ཌྷĞShays’ RebellionğĂߏᑅݲ֣ᓑ 1786 ٺ൴Ϡ Ă༊ॡࢬءॡ۞઼࡚࢕ۋॲቌਨĄ͹֎ᔁΦĞDaniel Shaysğߏ፾ϲጼ˘ޢ ၆֣ᓑഇม౫ᖠኜ๫ੑ߆εԔĂ႐ෛྺϔ۞ϠࢍĂࠤҌᇈќᏴᓝˠᐝඁඈĄ ᔵ൒జᗉᑅĂֽޢᄃ࢕ͫऱĄੰڱˠϔԡ൑ΞԡĂдᔁΦ۞ᅳጱ˭ĂԽҫ ҭߏ͔੓ໂ̂۞ዩፁĄЧ֣ፉְ͕ၗᕖ̂Ă็ߖҌ׎΁Ч֣Ăࢦႊ࡚࢕༊ ̙גԼࢭ̏གྷזצᅳጱˠૻধຏڼĂ઼࡚Ч֣߆ۋጼ۞ጼކԩᇷ၆ࡻ઼ܐ Ąعδ߆̚ޙߏฟؕซҖଯજ࣒Լ֣ᓑ୧ּᄃࢦٺटቤĂ ણΐ۞֣ΪٺΡฟ̂ົĂϤعѐд੺֧ᜋࢵ 1786 ٺЯ҃̂ౙົᛉ΃ܑ ѣ 5 ࣎Ă΃ܑࣇᄮࠎᑕྍՀӅ˧д෱ݱΡฟՀᚑඥ۞ጳ߆ົᛉĄჯРκֲ д 1787 ѐ 2 ͡Ă̂ٺࢵА޽ࠁ˞΃ܑĂ૲જ׎΁֣ត˵ྫྷ඾޽ࠁ΃ܑĂ௣ ౙົᛉ൴΍Ρฟ̂ົ۞ੈिĂ൒҃༊ॡ۞ࢵࢋϫᇾΪߏ࣒ϒ֣ᓑ୧ּĂֹ ׎ٙѣၑბਕѣड़ྋՙĄ҃ͷٙઇ࣒Լυื೩ಡ̂ౙົᛉĂ֭ᒔ଀Ч֣Т ຍ̝ޢĂ̖ਕϠड़Ą ྿෱ݱ1Ăז౪࢚ᅊĞJames MadisonğĂ̙ҭதА۞̝ͭڱజჍࠎ઼࡚ጳ ጳ΃ܑΒӣ૵˜ղҹ William Samuel JohnsonăRoger ShermanăOliver Ellsworthט 1 ĞElsworthğ*ĈᇇٛϞ George ReadăGunning Bedford, Jr.ăJohn DickinsonăRichard William FewăAbraham BaldwinăWilliam Houstoun*ă ֲڼBassettăJacob Broomćಕ William L. Pierce*ć੺֧ᜋ James McHenryăDaniel of St. Thomas JeniferăDaniel Carrollă Luther Martin*ăJohn F. Mercer*ć౫ᖠኜ๫ Nathaniel GorhamăRufus KingăElbridge Gerry*ăCaleb Strong*ćາցοआ John LangdonăNicholas Gilmanć৸፨Ҙ William LivingstonăDavid BrearlyĞBrearleyğăWilliam PatersonĞPattersonğăJonathan Daytonă William C. Houston*ć৸ࡗ Alexander HamiltonăJohn Lansing, Jr.*ăRobert Yates*ΔΙᘲ ඿ৼ William BlountăRichard Dobbs SpaightăHugh WilliamsonăWilliam R. Davie*ă κֲ Benjamin FranklinăThomas MifflinăRobert MorrisăGeorgeڱAlexander Martin*ćᄼ́ 83 ۏய۞םጳů̂ԁט઼࡚۞ ᚑࢦ๋ט΁Հซ˘Վ೩΍̙ҭߏࢋ࣒Լ֣ᓑ୧ּĂЯࠎ֣ᓑ୧ּ۞ՙඉ፟ ؠາጳטؠ˘इາఢ݋۞͞ШĂ఺ߏט͹វّĂЯѩᅮࢋഈ۞عच̚δ߆ Ăࢋឰາڱࢎ˘ొາጳטĞBowen, 1986ğĄ౪࢚ᅊ͹ૺᑕྍزௐ˘࣎ᄲ۞ ҭࢋጾѣ༊ॡ̂ౙົᛉ۞Бొᝋ˧ĂՀࢋጾѣ෹΍Ч֣۞׎̙عᓑ֣߆۞ ጳົᛉĞConstitutionalטιᝋ˧Ăѩ׌ีࣧ݋ӈࠎჯРκֲ͞९Ą ႬᅊĞJames Wilsonğރጳࠁд౪࢚ᅊᄃטConventionğ۞᜜ኢणฟԔ၌Ą ࢎ߆ඉ۞ט૲ᅳ˭Ă᎕ໂଯજᆿੵ൑ેҖड़ਕ۞̚δ߆ᝋͽ̈́Ч֣፾ϲ۞ ಏҜĂڱᑕਕۡତგநˠϔĂ౅࿅Җ߆ᄃΦعĂ΁ࣇᄮࠎĂ઼छ̚δ߆ڱү ᄃ׻΄ĄΩγĂາ۞઼ົ΃ܑˠᇴυืѣԁච۞щଵĄڱޠ၁ેҖ׎̷ 參、主要爭議與妥協 ᛉ˵ు˘ঙனĄௐ˘࣎ۋጳ۞າࢱĂٙѣטٚ˯ٙ֏Ă౪࢚ᅊˠ೬ฟ ᛉᕇߏາ઼ົ۞௡јͽ̈́Ᏼᓝ͞ёĂ˘࣎΃ܑэᝋ۞ણᛉੰۋ͹ࢋ۞ ۋĞSenateğâ࣎΃ܑˠϔ۞ிᛉੰĞHouse of RepresentativesğĄௐ˟࣎ ᓁ௚۞ˠᇴăЇഇăᏴٺ௡ᖐ׶யϠ͞ёĄপҾߏᙯ۞ܝҖ߆ొٺᛉᕇд ЇֽܜኢĂ̙Т۞͹ૺΒ߁ᑕ༊ϤЧээۋયᗟඈѣٙ۞ךᓝ͞ёăజᇅ ׻ăϤЧэ۞ᛉົֽᏴᓝăϤˠϔۡତᏴᓝăϤᏴᓝˠֽᏴᓝăࠤҌߏϤ ᓁ௚ᝋ˧͉̂ĂតјΩ˘઼࣎ͳĂͤ֨ٺ٩ចՙؠĄ҂ณ۞Я৵дֽົ઼ ҭ˵̙ԓ୕ߏ˘࣎൑၁ᝋ۞ऴ๕ᅳጱˠĂࢦႊ֣ᓑ۞ӧဩĄ ז˸Ą̙Ϊߏхᆿ۞યᗟĂᔘѣ੟טኢͧྵ̂۞યᗟߏζᔴۋௐˬ࣎ טᛉ۞གྷᑻᄃ྽ᇇયᗟĄௐα࣎ۋ׍ޝߏ˵ٽҋϤэ۞఍நયᗟĂζᔴ෶ ᏳᏴ͞ёĄ̈э͹ૺĂϤણᛉੰ۞ءڱٺኢ۞͹ࢋયᗟߏĂᙯۋ˯ጳົᛉ ĄءڱĂҭߏ౪࢚഑ඈˠ͹ૺϤᓁ௚ֽЇ׻ءڱЇ׻ֽ ClymerăThomas FitzsimonsĞFitzSimons; FitzsimmonsğăJared IngersollăJames Wilsonă Gouverneur MorrisćݑΙᘲ඿ৼ John RutledgeăCharles CotesworthăPinckneyăCharles PinckneyăPierce Butlerćᘲᇇफ՟ѣࠁ΃ܑćჯРκֲ John BlairăJames Madison Jr.ă George WashingtonăGeorge Mason*ăJames McClurg*ăEdmund J. Randolph*ăGeorge ጳົᛉဦĄט ᐂ 1ܢ͛ІĞLloyd, n.d.ğĄણ֍ڱ՟ѣᘪཌጳޢWythe*ćŎܑϯ౵ ăௐ 2 ഇĞ2020/आ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 16 84 Ăυืͽፋវֽ࠻ĂЯࠎ΁ࣇ̝ม۞ڍඕޢᛉ۞੅ኢᄃ౵ۋ఺ֱ͹ࢋ ߏాજᇆᜩĄд઼ົ۞यѨ̶੨˯Ă౪࢚ᅊ૲ᅳ۞ჯРκֲ͞९͹ૺםԁ ׌ੰӮ޷ˠ˾ּͧซҖ̶੨Ă׎̚ிᛉੰۡତϤˠϔᏴᓝĂ҃ણᛉੰ݋Ϥ Ąܓэ۞ᝌ̂זצிᛉੰᏴᓝயϠĄѩ͞९೼࿆ ΩγĂֽҋݑΙᘲ඿ৼэ۞πҹκĞCharles PinckneyğаᑕჯРκֲ ९Ă೩΍ᑕྍϡ୧ࡗٕᓑ༖۞ԛё૟ 13 ࣎эᓑᘭ੓ֽĂТຍనཉણி׌͞ ϔ̚Ᏼ΍˘ҜிᛉࣶćГϤிᛉࣶᏴ΍ણᛉࣶĂ઼ົاĂҭߏՏ 1,000 Ҝੰ к۞͉זᔘᅮд׌ੰᓑयົᛉ˯Ᏼ΍ᓁ௚֭޽ؠ̰ᅦˠᏴĄѩ͞९՟ѣ଀ ੅ኢĂΪѣొ̶д׎΁੅ኢॡజ೩̈́Ą প഑ĞWilliams PattersonğسჯРκֲ೩΍۞̂э͞९Ă৸፨Ҙ۞ٺ࠹၆ প഑ᄮࠎ֣ᓑ୧س೩΍˘Њ΃ܑ̈эϲಞ۞͞९ĂӈజჍࠎ৸፨Ҙ͞९Ą ኬ̟Чэд઼ົ̚۞΃ܑᝋౌߏπඈ۞ĂՏэౌߏ˘ை۞ܑՙᝋĂҭჯּ ព၆ځРκֲ͞९݋೩΍઼ົ׌ੰ΃ܑˠᇴӮ޷Чэˠ˾ᇴณซҖ̶੨Ă ࣒ጳ۞͹ܕˠ˾̈э۞ӀৈĄѩ͞९ߏྵତז਎ރэ̙ӀĂЯѩົᚑࢦ̈ ૺĂ΁ࣇ೩΍ܲ঻̂ౙົᛉĂҭߏࢋ૟׎ᝋ˧ᕖૺĂ౵ࢦࢋ۞ߏኬ̟ᇈඁ ,ĞU.S. ConstitutionޠڱЧэ۞ٺӮ੼ޠڱᝋ˧Ă҃ͷЇң઼ົ఼࿅۞۞ n.d.bğĄ ѩ͞ٺௐˬ࣎͹ࢋ͞९ߏϤ႔૜Ⴌ࿲ĞAlexander Hamiltonğ೩΍ĂϤ Ăٙͽ˵జჍࠎࡻ઼͞९Ą႔૜Ⴌ࿲Тຍనϲણி׌ט९ྵᙷҬࡻ઼۞វ Ă׎̚ிᛉੰϤˠϔۡᏴĂЇഇ 3 ѐĄ҃ણᛉੰ݋дˠϔٙᏴࠁ۞௣֗ੰ Їᖚ۞΃ܑ̚ซҖᏴᓝĄТॡ఺˘͞९˵ఢؠϤᏴᓝˠᏴᓝ΍۞Б઼Җ߆ ९ጾѣ඗၆۞ӎՙᝋĄѩγĂڱĞᓁ௚ğߏࠎ௣֗ᖚĂ֭ͷ၆Їң઼ົܜࢵ ,ĞU.S. ConstitutionڱϤ઼ົ޽ࠁĂ֭ͷ઼ົѣᝋଯᖙЇңэ۞ϲܜЧээ n.d.bğĄ ͽ˯۞͞९ĂЧѣٙӀৈჯ᜕Ă˵Чѣٙિ޺Ă̂эᄃ̈э̝ม۞̶ Ϥ૵˜ղҹ۞ᔁႬતĞRoger Shermanğ೩΍˞૵ޢពĂᙱͽੜឰĄ౵ځڡ ͹ࢋߏፋЪჯРκֲ۞̂э͞९Ă׶৸፨Ҙ۞̈ם९Ą఺˘ԁםղҹԁ˜ э͞९Ă೩ᛉдிᛉੰ۞΃ܑˠᇴᑕྍ޷Чэˠ˾ᇴณ̶੨Ă҃ણᛉੰ݋ 85 ۏய۞םጳů̂ԁט઼࡚۞ ᑕྍՏ˘࣎эౌТᇹߏѣ˘Ҝ΃ܑ2Ăѩ೩९јΑгቁϲણᛉࣶЩᗝ۞̶ Ąטᓑ֣វ۞̚ڱᝊĂ֭ܲ޺˞ጳ ೼࿆ĂੵטĂ༊ॡ۞ζᔴڍጳົᛉ۞ඕטโζયᗟ˵ߏ஝જፋ࣎ٺҌ ጳົטγĂ̙ኢݑΔ͞ౌѣᄊζ۞ଐԛĄણᄃטາࡻॾᜋߏԆБ൑ζᔴ˞ ᛉ۞ 55 Ҝ΃ܑ̚ಶѣ 25 Ҝߏζᔴ͹Ą༊ॡݑ͞ЧэֶᏥζᔴֽჯ޺׎჌ ᕝ൒༰ͤζᔴڱາጳڍё׎Ϡх۞͹ࢋᙯᔣĄЯѩтטങఄ๩གྷᑻĂζᔴ ԛјڱጳົᛉεୀĂซ҃൑טĂ๕υ͔੓ݑ͞э۞ૻধͅᇅĂࠤҌጱ࡭ט ࣎ᓑ֣វրĄ˘ ᑕྍ༰ͤЧэણᄃЇң઼ᅫڱિ޺ᆿζĂҭߏ̪િ޺ጳڱζੱᒉ൑ͅ ׎΁ז߷Ķซ˾ķζᔴٕߏ૟ώ઼ζᔴĶ΍˾ķܧĂΒ߁ଂٽζᔴ෶۞ّ Ϥ˘࣎ 11 Ҝ΃ܑ௡ј۞পҾ؎ࣶົ੅ኢՙޢĂ౵˭̙ેۋछĄ׌͞ຍ֍઼ ٽ९ĂؼᏵᓑ઼֣ົጾѣ׶Җֹ༰઼ͤᅫζᔴ෶͞םඉĂ֭೩ֻ˞˘࣎ԁ Ąҭߏ୧Іࠎ૟ֽᓑ֣ٽጳົᛉ̙̚ົ༰ζᔴ෶טĂ΃ܑޢᝋ˧Ҍ 20 ѐ۞ ᕣΪᅮܝ९Ă׎఼࿅۞ڱᇈඁĂ఼ٕ࿅࠹ᑕٽᅮࢋ၆઼ᅫζᔴ෶ڍтع߆ ࠹၆кᇴӈΞĂ̙ᅮࢋߏ 2/3 ۞඗၆кᇴ఼࿅Ą ᛉߏтңৼˢˠ˾ࢍზ̚ĂপҾߏдࢍზЧэ۞ۋโζాજ۞Ω˘࣎ ζэ೩ᛉ૟โζෛࠎੑயĂ̙ৼˢிᛉࣶ۞ܧிᛉࣶयѨॡ۞ࢍზᇾ໤Ą यѨ̶੨ࢍზ̚Ąᄊζэ۞ͅᇅૻধΞຐ҃ۢĂ΁ࣇᄮࠎдࢍზЧэ۞̶ ੨ඁኬॡโζజࢍზˢ̰Ă༊൒д̶੨ிᛉࣶयѨॡ˵ྍБᇴৼˢࢍზĄ Ⴌᅊ೩ᛉд௚ࢍЧэˠ˾ֽՙؠྍэிᛉࣶˠᇴॡĂՏҜโζ޷ރϤޢ౵ ˞ז଀םĄ఺˘ԁם઼࡚̳࣎ϔࢍზĂ఺ಶߏٙᏜ۞̶̣̝ˬԁˬ̶̝̣ ࣎ࢦ̂ᛉᗟĞWills, 2003ğĄ˘ޢ఼࿅Ă֭ͷ˵ߏົᛉྋՙ۞౵ ᛉĂ׎̚౵ᙯᔣ۞Яם᜜̙ᕝҭߏᓁਕ྿јۋጳົᛉ۞࿅඀Ăטტ៍ ̙˵Гܑϯ͵ࠧ˯՟ѣȈБȈ࡚۞ְĂٙͽ˘ڒჟৠĂಱᜋҹ۞ם৵ߏԁ Ăڍಶߏ౵р۞ඕڶѣȈБȈ࡚۞ྋՙ͞९ĂᔖࢦಶᅅĂਕྴฟ౵ᗼ۞ଐົ Ą఺჌ڱጳ۞צĂҭߏ̂छΞͽତڱჍ఺̙ߏ˘ొԆ࡚۞ጳڒٙͽಱᜋҹ ѣ࠹༊ӄৈĄםछચ၁гԁ̂ٺన၆ޙԆ࡚۞͕நޞഇ̙ 2 ౵ޢజ࣒ԼࠎՏэ 2 ЩણᛉࣶयѨĄ ăௐ 2 ഇĞ2020/आ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 16 86 ጳົᛉ΃טጳјΑ۞ࢦࢋЯ৵Ąטቢ˵ߏ͔ጱغγĂ౵ૄώ۞̝םԁ ጳᛉົ̙ਕ˘ְ൑טቢĈࢵАߏغ̂ˬࣇᄮТ఺࣎ࢦࢋ۞ົᛉυืિчܑ ߏ̙ਕϡޢјćГ۰̙ਕЯѩጱ࡭઼छ۞̶ෘĂ҃ͷυืᓑЪ׶௚˘ć౵ ጳົᛉኘטĂΪਕдۋ྿јᓑЪ׶௚˘Ă̙ਕឰ઼࡚дགྷ።˘Ѩጼֽ˧ڠ ҿ྿јĄ ਨڱฏ˭Ăጳܔিጶͷާ඾૱ܧጳ΃ܑࣇౌט።གྷ 127 ͇۞ጬ੽Ăд ᘪфĄಱᜋҹ˯ڱ΍ᚤĂҭΪѣБొ 55 Ҝᄃົ΃ܑ̚۞ 39 Ҝдጳٺ९௣ ᄲ΍።Ϋ˯ໂࠎѣЩ۞˘߱ྖĂ΁ᄲĶҋ̎གྷ૱࠻඾͹यഎ̄˯۞఺࣎ڒ ੼Ꮈгۢޝؠ఺൪۞տౣߏ͟΍ᔘߏ͟རĄ̙࿅னдԧۺวĂݒᓁߏ̙͉ Օ۞͉วĄķĞShea, 2012: 212ğ˭ܧ҃̿˯྽఺ߏ͟΍Ă఺ߏ࣎ϒд फ़ֽ໚ĈUShistory.orgĞn.d.ğĄྤ ጳົᛉර஽࿲ٙӱ۞͹यഎ̄טဦ 1ċ జਖ਼ҌЧэڱௐ˛୧۞ఢؠĂጳڱߏֶፂጳܮĂГֽޢጳົᛉඕՁט г֤ਠึӀĂЧޞጳົᛉ΃ܑഇטซҖԲ఼ࣞ࿅ĄЧэ۞Բࣞ࿅඀̙֭ည ߏϤ౪ܮᒉ̚Ă౵ѣЩ۞ੱ۞ڱэ̰ొ̪ѣ፬ধ۞ኢ᜜Ąિؠጾ᜕ᓑ֣ጳ ࢚഑ă႔૜Ⴌ࿲ᄃ౰ϿĞJohn JayğˬˠĂֹϡඊЩ೼Ӏন೻ĞPubliusğд ͛ౢĄ1788 ѐĂ۞טᄃᓑ֣វڱ৸ࡗэ۞ಡ৽˯ాᜈ൴ܑ˞ 85 ቔ͚޺າጳ ᄪ۞ The Federalist PapersĞĮᓑ֣ኢįĂٕ็͵ޢĂјࠎۍ఺ֱ͛фඕะ΍ 87 ۏய۞םጳů̂ԁט઼࡚۞ ٽߏĮᓑ֣Ṑˠ͛ะįğĄፋώ͛ะ͔ϡΟԓᘷݱ֣ăᘲ੺ॡഇ۞ඕ༖ă෶ тң̖ਕԛј˘࣎ՀࠎԆච۞ᓑ༖Ăߊ಴ࢦЧ֣۞ҋ͹ځጼ߇ְĂᄲفᄃ ᝋĂ˫ਕ൴೭ᓑ༖۞౵̂ᐹ๕Ą೩ᏹ઼࡚ˠ඗̙ࢋࢦᔏᖬᖽ።Ϋ۞εୀି੊Ą फ़ֽ໚ĈCNN LibraryĞ2018ğĄྤ ࣧቇڱဦ 2ċ઼࡚ጳ 肆、美國憲法的原則 ޙٙڱࢵАĂԧࣇ͔ϡ઼࡚ጳ߆ጯ۰ SkousenĞ2007ğٙᕩৼ۞઼࡚ጳ ࣧ݋Ĉ̂ 28 ઼ޙϲ۞઼࡚ Ă̖ڱNatural law is the basis of a just and free societyĈΪѣᏲчҋ൒ .1 ϲ̳ϒᄃҋϤ۞ۤົĄޙਕ 2. A free society cannot exist without moral and virtuous peopleĈ˘࣎ҋ ˠĄ۞إϤ۞ۤົυืࢋѣݡᇇ੼ 3. A free society cannot exist without moral and virtuous leadersĈ˘࣎ҋ ᅳጱˠĄ۞إϤ۞ۤົ˵˘ؠࢋѣݡᇇ੼ ׶̳ϔعЈĂ߆ܫି؟՟ѣڍThe role of religion is foundationalĈт .4 Ą˳ܜҋϤಶ̙ਕ۞ ăௐ 2 ഇĞ2020/आ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 16 88 5. All things were created by God, therefore upon Him all mankind are ˯࠰Ϥۏequally dependent, and to Him they are equally responsibleĈ༱ ࢬ݈ĂˠᙷӮֳѣТඈ۞ԕҦĂϺٚፉТඈ۞యЇĄޓ˯ٙ౹ౄĂдޓ All men are created equalĈٙѣ۞ˠϠֽౌߏπඈ۞Ą .6 عGovernment protects equal rights, does not provide equal thingsĈ߆ .7 ኳπඈĄۏᖚਕߏܲᅪˠϔ۞πඈᝋӀĂ̙҃ߏ೩ֻ۞ ͹ۏUnalienable rights are endowed by their CreatorĈˠᙷ͇Ϡֳѣౄ .8 ኬ̟۞̙Ξࣤဳ۞ᝋӀĄ 9. To protect rights God revealed certain divine lawsĈ˯ޓ೬ϯ᜕ܲˠᙷ ĄޠڱᝋӀ۞ৠཐ 10. Governments derive their just powers from the consent of the governed; ϒ༊ֽّҋБវˠϔ۞Т۞عsovereignty remains with the peopleĈ߆ ຍĂৠ̖ົኬ̟ᝋ˧Ą 11. Oppressive government may be altered or abolished by the peopleĈˠ ϔ ĄعѣᝋԼតٕଯᖙ߉Җᇷ߆۞߆ ϲВ׶߆វĄޙThe United States shall be a RepublicĈ઼࡚ᑕ .12 13. A constitution should be structured to permanently protect the people ۰Яҋ൒۞ˠّڼfrom the human frailties of their rulersĈࠎ˞֨ͤ௚ Ąޘטనࢍ΍ϖ˳۞ܲᅪڱऴᕇ๋҃चˠϔ۞ᝋӀĂυืϤጳ Property rights secure people’s libertiesĈˠϔυืֳѣੑய۞ᝋӀĂ .14 ਕֳѣҋϤĄ̖ 15. Free market and minimal government best supports prosperityĈ౅࿅ҋ ࿰Ăߏᒔ଀ᓄၷ۞౵ָܲᙋĄ̒عϤξಞགྷᑻ׶౵͌۞߆ 16. Government should be separated into three branches: Legislative, Ąܝ࣎ొˬڱăҖ߆׶Φڱᑕྍထ̶ࠎϲعExecutive and JudicialĈ߆ 17. A system of checks and balances help to prevent abuse of powerĈᑕޙ Ăͽ֨ቑᝋ˧ᑿϡĄޘטᏊטϲˬᝋ̶ϲ۞ ҌᙯࢦࢋĄڱA written Constitution protects unalienable rightsĈј͛ጳ .18 ᝋ˧ᑕྍ۞عGovernments should have limited and defined powersĈ߆ .19 89 ۏய۞םጳů̂ԁט઼࡚۞ Ąטѣٙؠཌྷ׶ࢨ кᇴˠՙؠפMajority rules, law protects the minority rightsĈՙඉଳ .20 υื᜕ܲ಴ࢦ͌ᇴˠ۞ᝋӀĄ˵ޠڱࣧ݋Ă۞ 21.