ௐ 2 ഇ! ࢱ 79-98! 2020 ѐ/आ؞ཱི !ס έ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώ! ௐ 16 Taiwan International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 79-98 Summer 2020

美國的制憲－大妥協的產物

ࡔ඲౰ ܜ୶ѯ̂ጯϏֽጯࡁտٙઘି଱ٙ

ၡ ࢋ

Ă˵ߏ We the people ௐ˘Ѩڱߏˠᙷௐ˘ొј͛ጳڱ઼࡚۞ጳ ࡚ٺநሀёĄࢬ၆ᙯڼĂι˵யϠ݈ٙϏ֍۞઼छ̚ڱᆷˢˠᙷ۞ጳ ጳ۞࿅඀ᄃຍטЧ჌̙Т۞ෞᆊĂώ͛ԓ୕ਕྎΐᑭෛ઼࡚ڱጳ઼ ĂТॡԓ୕ਕԱ΍າ۞هО෪ٕߏߊѣ۞௖ரໄڕגཌྷĂរᙋ˘ਠ۞ ቁםጳ۞̂ԁטጳߏ˘࣎ϔ୉ّॾᄃϔ͹ّॾ۞ዳјĄ઼࡚ט൴Ąୁ ؠѣᏮѣᛏ۞፟טϲ઼࡚ϲ઼ჟৠĂᄮ୻Ӏৈυ൒኏ࡎ۞ώኳĄΪѣ ᚶᜈĂࠎҋ̎˵ឰҾˠѣۋߏࠎ˞ឰᚮםщĄԁ˳ڼܜਕ̖ޘט׶ົ ᆸˠϔ۞ሤଐغ˞ጳගԧࣇ۞ୁϯߏĂੵטᖙώ۞፟ົĄΩγĂ઼࡚ ᄃՙ͕γĂ˯ᆸයࡻ۞ംᇊᄃኢࢗਕ˧ՀߏјΑ۞ᙯᔣĄ

םጳົᛉă֣ᓑ୧ഠă̂ԁטᙯᔣෟĈ̂ౙົᛉă ăௐ 2 ഇĞ2020/आ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 16 80

I confess that there are several parts of this Constitution which I do not at present approve, but I am not sure I shall never approve them. ... I doubt too whether any other Convention we can obtain, may be able to make a better Constitution. ... It therefore astonishes me, Sir, to find this system approaching so near to perfection as it does; and I think it will astonish our enemies.

Benjamin FranklinĞU.S. Constitution, n.d.ağ

壹、前言

Ăזቔ͛ౢ̚೩˘۞ܕ઼࡚৸ࡗॡಡ૞᛼үछ Thomas Friedman д౵ ΁ྙય઼࡚̂૞ੰ७؎ࣶົĞcollege boardğ࢑ య SAT ̂ጯˢጯ҂ྏ۞͹გ ˠ̀Ă̦ᆃߏ઼࡚̂ጯϠдጯ७ጯ௫ᄃ૟ֽ΍ۤົĂ౵ᙯᔣࢦࢋ۞ԫਕ׶ ĂSAT ԓ୕͔ጱՏ࣎ӈ૟ซڱඍ९ߏĈ࿪ཝࡊጯ׶઼࡚ጳ۞זᙊĉ΁଀ۢ ௐ˘࣒ϒ९ĞFirst AmendmentğĂιৠཐг੃ڱˢ̂ጯ۞ጯϠਕৌ̷ᒢྋጳ ă֏ኢăາჷăะົăᄃኛᙸ̣̂ҋϤĄপҾߏ༊݈ѣ˘࣎Ҭͼି؟඾ྶ ព˞ĞFriedman, 2019ğĄځࢦࢋّಶՀ۞ڱᓁ௚Ăጳ۞ڱᑖ଀઼࡚ጳ͉̙ Ă˵ߏ We the people ௐ˘Ѩᆷˢˠڱߏˠᙷௐ˘ొј͛ጳڱ઼࡚۞ጳ ጯ۰ BilliasڱநሀёĄ઼࡚ጳڼĂι˵யϠ݈ٙϏ֍۞઼छ̚ڱᙷ۞ጳ ࡔ͵ 19 זᇆᜩ˧ࡍ෸ 3 ࣎͵ࡔĂࢵАд 18 ͵ࡔ۞ڱĞ2009ğᄮࠎ઼࡚ጳ ᇆᜩҘΔለതϔ઼छᄃതϔг̝ม۞ᙯܼాඕĄд 19 ͵ࡔڱഇĂ઼࡚ጳܐ ឰٛ˚࡚߷ăΐઙͧঔᔘѣለ߷۞ϔ୉͹ཌྷ੠Ր۰ѣٙણڱཧĂ઼࡚ጳ̚ Ăֲ߷ᄃٛ˚࡚߷઼ޢۋഇĂд࡚Ҙጼܐࡔ͵ 20 זࡔϐഇ͵ 19 ˞ז҂Ą ĂՀᇆޢࠎֶፂĄдௐ˘Ѩ͵ࠧ̂ጼඕՁڱछ۞ϔ୉͹ཌྷྻજౌ઼࡚̏ጳ າޢજĄௐ˟Ѩ͵ࠧ̂ጼඕՁྻٸ׶ֲ߷гડ۞തϔгྋڌ߷ă̚ܧזᜩ ĄޘטᎸ۞፾ϲ઼छ˵ౌણ҂઼࡚۞ጳ߆ ϔ͹ᄃӎ۞યᗟĂ۞ڱጯ۰ Robert Dahl ݒ೩΍઼࡚ጳڼ൒҃Ă઼࡚߆ ˘ߏӎৌ۞јࠎБ͵ࠧ۞׏ቑĄ΁Е΍ 22 ࣎ᄃ઼࡚ڱТॡ΁˵ኳႷ઼࡚ጳ ĂপҾᙱטᇹᘦؠ۞ϔ͹઼छ̚Ă՟ѣЇң˘઼࣎छߏϼड़઼࡚۞ጳ߆វ 81 ۏய۞םጳů̂ԁט઼࡚۞

ăᖎטᏊ፟טĂΒӣˬᝋ̶ϲ̚۞ޘטͽሀϼ۞ߏፋ࣎஄Ъд˘੓۞পҾ ăૻ๕۞عĞfirst-past-the-postğଵᑟௐˬᛨ׶ᓑЪ߆ޘטಏкᇴՙ۞Ᏼᓝ ည̂छຐ̙֭ڱ׌ੰ઼ົҭߏ̙၆ඈ۞ણᛉੰ΃ܑᝋĄͽѩ៍̝Ă઼࡚ጳ ϲдޙߏڱညг֤ਠߏϡдБ͵ࠧЧ઼˯ĄLazareĞ1997ğՀᄮؠ઼࡚۞ጳ ࿁ጳ۞ૄᖂ˯ĂЯࠎА݈۞ĺ֣ᓑ୧ഠĻĞArticles of Confederationğఢ ؠ Ї ఼࿅Լј 13 ࣎э۞ڱጳົᛉԯጳטң࣒Լυื 13 ֣࣎۞БᇴТຍĂҭߏ ׎̚۞ 9 ఼࣎࿅ӈΞĂ҃ͷֹϡ఺࣎࿁ጳ۞ఢ݋ૻҖ఼࿅઼࡚னѣ۞఺ొ Ąڱጳ ጳ΃ܑࣇטጳົᛉߏĶ෱ݱ؈ᖹķĂטΩ˘͞ࢬĂBowenĞ1986ğݒჍ Ξਕ۞ЇચĂΪਕͽ؈ᖹΐͽԛटĄ̙ܕдೋК۞̂ᒖဩ˭ĂԆј఺ีೀ ጳ۞࿅඀טЧ჌̙Т۞ෞᆊĂώ͛ԓ୕ਕྎΐᑭෛ઼࡚ڱ઼࡚ጳٺࢬ၆ᙯ ĂТॡԓ୕ਕԱ΍າ۞هО෪ٕߏߊѣ۞௖ரໄڕגᄃຍཌྷĂរᙋ˘ਠ۞ ୁ൴Ą

貳、制憲背景

1778 ٺĂޘטĂ˵ฟؕ඾͘నࢍЧ֣̝ፋЪۋ઼࡚д 1776 ฟؕ፾ϲጼ ѐᒔ଀፾ 1783 ޢѐଯ΍ĺ֣ᓑ୧ּĻĂ1781 ѐЧ֣Тຍྍ୧ּ̝̰टĄ̝ ঐਈλ̂Ă֣ᓑ઼̝ऱ۩෍ͷๅέ੼᎝Ă۞ۋ፾ϲጼٺ౼ӀĂϤ۞ۋϲጼ ๅચ׶̀һᓟᅹĂགྷᑻᏂ୧ͷ఼Ꮆ੼ႚĄ઼ڱ᎕ͣ ڱĂ൑ޘטᓑ୧ഠ۞֣ٺࢨצݒعᓝ۞ӧဩĂ֣ᓑ߆ޞࢬ၆тѩѺᆿ ᝋેҖ̳ᝋ˧Ąѩ˜Яࠎ֣ᓑ୧ּڱᝋ˧Ă˵൑Φ̝عѣड़гҖֹ̚δ߆ ᝋăҋϤă፾ڼᝋ˧ĂఢؠЧ֣̪ጾѣ׎௚۞عពгऴ̼̚δ߆ځௐ˟୧ Ķ̂ౙົᛉķĞContinental Congressğ׎၁̙ਕعϲҋ͹ᝋĂ༊ॡ۞̚δ߆ ၆ Congress ۞ᒢྋĄֽޢٺჍࠎ઼ົĂ౤кΪߏЧ֣۞΃ܑົᛉĂ̙ਕඈТ ֣˘Ąд΃ܑົᛉ̚ĂՏع୧ּ̰ट౹ౄ΍˘࣎൑ᝋă൑ᇆᜩ˧۞̚δ߆ ኢˠ˾кဿĂౌѣπඈ۞˘ைᝋ˧ĂЧ֣ΞҋҖՙؠтңᏴࠁົᛉ΃ܑĂ̙ ࢎ઼छ߆ඉ۞טϺΞᐌॡͽЧ჌நϤಓаٕՀೱ΃ܑĄѩ΃ܑົᛉߊ৿ͻ Ąܛᝋ˧ĂՀᚑࢦ۞ߏ՟ѣᇈඁᝋĂΪਕЈᏥЧֶ֣ຍᙸ೩ֻྤ ăௐ 2 ഇĞ2020/आ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 16 82

၆̰ᄃ၆γਕ˧ౌϏజኬ̟ĄعЧ֣˵ΞЧҋซҖγϹ̍үĂ̚δ߆ ஄ใĄ൑ੑٽЧ֣˵ѣЧҋ۞ఱ။ր௚Ă՟ѣ˘࣎௚˘۞ఱ။ĂЧ֣۞Ϲ үĄ఺ྻ̝عᐺᔘγๅĂ˵൑ੑ˧ჯ޺̚δ߆ڱĂॲώ൑˭ڶ߆ਕ˧̝ଐ ăع൑߆˯ڼၗĂለ߷ˠ˵ෛ༊ॡ۞઼࡚ߏ߆ېع൑߆ٺܕ߱ഇมΞᄲೀ ॡѣֱതϔгˠۋгડĄಶည፾ϲጼޢགྷᑻ˯൑৩Ԕă઼ϔม൑৵ኳ۞ར ࡻ઼۞௚هឰధк઼࡚ˠᘃ˵ڶېĂ఺߱஄ใ۞۞ڼ௚ވߏጾ᜕ࡻ઼ͳ̀ ᔘՀΐӧᙱĄۋந˘࣎າ۞઼छͧχᛏ፾ϲጼڼזĄ΁ࣇវົڼ ౵۞ޘטѐ۞ᔁΦ੓ཌྷĞShays’ RebellionğĂߏᑅݲ֣ᓑ 1786 ٺ൴Ϡ Ă༊ॡࢬءॡ۞઼࡚࢕ۋॲቌਨĄ͹֎ᔁΦĞDaniel Shaysğߏ፾ϲጼ˘ޢ ၆֣ᓑഇม౫ᖠኜ๫ੑ߆εԔĂ႐ෛྺϔ۞ϠࢍĂࠤҌᇈќᏴᓝˠᐝඁඈĄ ᔵ൒జᗉᑅĂֽޢᄃ࢕ͫऱĄੰڱˠϔԡ൑ΞԡĂдᔁΦ۞ᅳጱ˭ĂԽҫ ҭߏ͔੓ໂ̂۞ዩፁĄЧ֣ፉְ͕ၗᕖ̂Ă็ߖҌ׎΁Ч֣Ăࢦႊ࡚࢕༊ ̙גԼࢭ̏གྷזצᅳጱˠૻধຏڼĂ઼࡚Ч֣߆ۋጼ۞ጼކԩᇷ၆ࡻ઼ܐ Ąعδ߆̚ޙߏฟؕซҖଯજ࣒Լ֣ᓑ୧ּᄃࢦٺटቤĂ ણΐ۞֣ΪٺΡฟ̂ົĂϤعѐд੺֧ᜋࢵ 1786 ٺЯ҃̂ౙົᛉ΃ܑ ѣ 5 ࣎Ă΃ܑࣇᄮࠎᑕྍՀӅ˧д෱ݱΡฟՀᚑඥ۞ጳ߆ົᛉĄჯРκֲ д 1787 ѐ 2 ͡Ă̂ٺࢵА޽ࠁ˞΃ܑĂ૲જ׎΁֣ត˵ྫྷ඾޽ࠁ΃ܑĂ௣ ౙົᛉ൴΍Ρฟ̂ົ۞ੈिĂ൒҃༊ॡ۞ࢵࢋϫᇾΪߏ࣒ϒ֣ᓑ୧ּĂֹ ׎ٙѣၑბਕѣड़ྋՙĄ҃ͷٙઇ࣒Լυื೩ಡ̂ౙົᛉĂ֭ᒔ଀Ч֣Т ຍ̝ޢĂ̖ਕϠड़Ą ྿෱ݱ1Ăז౪࢚ᅊĞJames MadisonğĂ̙ҭதА۞̝ͭڱజჍࠎ઼࡚ጳ

ጳ΃ܑΒӣ૵˜ղҹ William Samuel JohnsonăRoger ShermanăOliver Ellsworthט 1 ĞElsworthğ*ĈᇇٛϞ George ReadăGunning Bedford, Jr.ăJohn DickinsonăRichard William FewăAbraham BaldwinăWilliam Houstoun*ă ֲڼBassettăJacob Broomćಕ William L. Pierce*ć੺֧ᜋ James McHenryăDaniel of St. Thomas JeniferăDaniel Carrollă Luther Martin*ăJohn F. Mercer*ć౫ᖠኜ๫ Nathaniel GorhamăRufus KingăElbridge Gerry*ăCaleb Strong*ćາցοआ John LangdonăNicholas Gilmanć৸፨Ҙ William LivingstonăDavid BrearlyĞBrearleyğăWilliam PatersonĞPattersonğăJonathan Daytonă William C. Houston*ć৸ࡗ Alexander HamiltonăJohn Lansing, Jr.*ăRobert Yates*ΔΙᘲ ඿ৼ William BlountăRichard Dobbs SpaightăHugh WilliamsonăWilliam R. Davie*ă κֲ Benjamin FranklinăThomas MifflinăRobert MorrisăGeorgeڱAlexander Martin*ćᄼ́ 83 ۏய۞םጳů̂ԁט઼࡚۞

ᚑࢦ๋ט΁Հซ˘Վ೩΍̙ҭߏࢋ࣒Լ֣ᓑ୧ּĂЯࠎ֣ᓑ୧ּ۞ՙඉ፟ ؠາጳטؠ˘इາఢ݋۞͞ШĂ఺ߏט͹វّĂЯѩᅮࢋഈ۞عच̚δ߆ Ăࢋឰາڱࢎ˘ొາጳטĞBowen, 1986ğĄ౪࢚ᅊ͹ૺᑕྍزௐ˘࣎ᄲ۞ ҭࢋጾѣ༊ॡ̂ౙົᛉ۞Бొᝋ˧ĂՀࢋጾѣ෹΍Ч֣۞׎̙عᓑ֣߆۞ ጳົᛉĞConstitutionalטιᝋ˧Ăѩ׌ีࣧ݋ӈࠎჯРκֲ͞९Ą ႬᅊĞJames Wilsonğރጳࠁд౪࢚ᅊᄃטConventionğ۞᜜ኢणฟԔ၌Ą ࢎ߆ඉ۞ט૲ᅳ˭Ă᎕ໂଯજᆿੵ൑ેҖड़ਕ۞̚δ߆ᝋͽ̈́Ч֣፾ϲ۞ ಏҜĂڱᑕਕۡତგநˠϔĂ౅࿅Җ߆ᄃΦعĂ΁ࣇᄮࠎĂ઼छ̚δ߆ڱү ᄃ׻΄ĄΩγĂາ۞઼ົ΃ܑˠᇴυืѣԁච۞щଵĄڱޠ၁ેҖ׎̷

參、主要爭議與妥協

ᛉ˵ు˘ঙனĄௐ˘࣎ۋጳ۞າࢱĂٙѣטٚ˯ٙ֏Ă౪࢚ᅊˠ೬ฟ ᛉᕇߏາ઼ົ۞௡јͽ̈́Ᏼᓝ͞ёĂ˘࣎΃ܑэᝋ۞ણᛉੰۋ͹ࢋ۞ ۋĞSenateğâ࣎΃ܑˠϔ۞ிᛉੰĞHouse of RepresentativesğĄௐ˟࣎ ᓁ௚۞ˠᇴăЇഇăᏴٺ௡ᖐ׶யϠ͞ёĄপҾߏᙯ۞ܝҖ߆ొٺᛉᕇд ЇֽܜኢĂ̙Т۞͹ૺΒ߁ᑕ༊ϤЧээۋયᗟඈѣٙ۞ךᓝ͞ёăజᇅ ׻ăϤЧэ۞ᛉົֽᏴᓝăϤˠϔۡତᏴᓝăϤᏴᓝˠֽᏴᓝăࠤҌߏϤ ᓁ௚ᝋ˧͉̂ĂតјΩ˘઼࣎ͳĂͤ֨ٺ٩ចՙؠĄ҂ณ۞Я৵дֽົ઼ ҭ˵̙ԓ୕ߏ˘࣎൑၁ᝋ۞ऴ๕ᅳጱˠĂࢦႊ֣ᓑ۞ӧဩĄ ז˸Ą̙Ϊߏхᆿ۞યᗟĂᔘѣ੟טኢͧྵ̂۞યᗟߏζᔴۋௐˬ࣎ טᛉ۞གྷᑻᄃ྽ᇇયᗟĄௐα࣎ۋ׍ޝߏ˵ٽҋϤэ۞఍நયᗟĂζᔴ෶ ᏳᏴ͞ёĄ̈э͹ૺĂϤણᛉੰ۞ءڱٺኢ۞͹ࢋયᗟߏĂᙯۋ˯ጳົᛉ ĄءڱĂҭߏ౪࢚഑ඈˠ͹ૺϤᓁ௚ֽЇ׻ءڱЇ׻ֽ

ClymerăThomas FitzsimonsĞFitzSimons; FitzsimmonsğăJared IngersollăJames Wilsonă Gouverneur MorrisćݑΙᘲ඿ৼ John RutledgeăCharles CotesworthăPinckneyăCharles PinckneyăPierce Butlerćᘲᇇफ՟ѣࠁ΃ܑćჯРκֲ John BlairăJames Madison Jr.ă George WashingtonăGeorge Mason*ăJames McClurg*ăEdmund J. Randolph*ăGeorge ጳົᛉဦĄט ᐂ 1ܢ͛ІĞLloyd, n.d.ğĄણ֍ڱ՟ѣᘪཌጳޢWythe*ćŎܑϯ౵ ăௐ 2 ഇĞ2020/आ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 16 84

Ăυืͽፋវֽ࠻ĂЯࠎ΁ࣇ̝ม۞ڍඕޢᛉ۞੅ኢᄃ౵ۋ఺ֱ͹ࢋ ߏాજᇆᜩĄд઼ົ۞यѨ̶੨˯Ă౪࢚ᅊ૲ᅳ۞ჯРκֲ͞९͹ૺםԁ ׌ੰӮ޷ˠ˾ּͧซҖ̶੨Ă׎̚ிᛉੰۡତϤˠϔᏴᓝĂ҃ણᛉੰ݋Ϥ Ąܓэ۞ᝌ̂זצிᛉੰᏴᓝயϠĄѩ͞९೼࿆ ΩγĂֽҋݑΙᘲ඿ৼэ۞πҹκĞCharles PinckneyğаᑕჯРκֲ ९Ă೩΍ᑕྍϡ୧ࡗٕᓑ༖۞ԛё૟ 13 ࣎эᓑᘭ੓ֽĂТຍనཉણி׌͞ ϔ̚Ᏼ΍˘ҜிᛉࣶćГϤிᛉࣶᏴ΍ણᛉࣶĂ઼ົاĂҭߏՏ 1,000 Ҝੰ к۞͉זᔘᅮд׌ੰᓑयົᛉ˯Ᏼ΍ᓁ௚֭޽ؠ̰ᅦˠᏴĄѩ͞९՟ѣ଀ ੅ኢĂΪѣొ̶д׎΁੅ኢॡజ೩̈́Ą প഑ĞWilliams PattersonğسჯРκֲ೩΍۞̂э͞९Ă৸፨Ҙ۞ٺ࠹၆ প഑ᄮࠎ֣ᓑ୧س೩΍˘Њ΃ܑ̈эϲಞ۞͞९ĂӈజჍࠎ৸፨Ҙ͞९Ą ኬ̟Чэд઼ົ̚۞΃ܑᝋౌߏπඈ۞ĂՏэౌߏ˘ை۞ܑՙᝋĂҭჯּ ព၆ځРκֲ͞९݋೩΍઼ົ׌ੰ΃ܑˠᇴӮ޷Чэˠ˾ᇴณซҖ̶੨Ă ࣒ጳ۞͹ܕˠ˾̈э۞ӀৈĄѩ͞९ߏྵତז਎ރэ̙ӀĂЯѩົᚑࢦ̈ ૺĂ΁ࣇ೩΍ܲ঻̂ౙົᛉĂҭߏࢋ૟׎ᝋ˧ᕖૺĂ౵ࢦࢋ۞ߏኬ̟ᇈඁ ,ĞU.S. ConstitutionޠڱЧэ۞ٺӮ੼ޠڱᝋ˧Ă҃ͷЇң઼ົ఼࿅۞۞ n.d.bğĄ ѩ͞ٺௐˬ࣎͹ࢋ͞९ߏϤ႔૜Ⴌ࿲ĞAlexander Hamiltonğ೩΍ĂϤ Ăٙͽ˵జჍࠎࡻ઼͞९Ą႔૜Ⴌ࿲Тຍనϲણி׌ט९ྵᙷҬࡻ઼۞វ Ă׎̚ிᛉੰϤˠϔۡᏴĂЇഇ 3 ѐĄ҃ણᛉੰ݋дˠϔٙᏴࠁ۞௣֗ੰ Їᖚ۞΃ܑ̚ซҖᏴᓝĄТॡ఺˘͞९˵ఢؠϤᏴᓝˠᏴᓝ΍۞Б઼Җ߆ ९ጾѣ඗၆۞ӎՙᝋĄѩγĂڱĞᓁ௚ğߏࠎ௣֗ᖚĂ֭ͷ၆Їң઼ົܜࢵ ,ĞU.S. ConstitutionڱϤ઼ົ޽ࠁĂ֭ͷ઼ົѣᝋଯᖙЇңэ۞ϲܜЧээ n.d.bğĄ ͽ˯۞͞९ĂЧѣٙӀৈჯ᜕Ă˵Чѣٙિ޺Ă̂эᄃ̈э̝ม۞̶ Ϥ૵˜ղҹ۞ᔁႬતĞRoger Shermanğ೩΍˞૵ޢពĂᙱͽੜឰĄ౵ځڡ ͹ࢋߏፋЪჯРκֲ۞̂э͞९Ă׶৸፨Ҙ۞̈ם९Ą఺˘ԁםղҹԁ˜ э͞९Ă೩ᛉдிᛉੰ۞΃ܑˠᇴᑕྍ޷Чэˠ˾ᇴณ̶੨Ă҃ણᛉੰ݋ 85 ۏய۞םጳů̂ԁט઼࡚۞

ᑕྍՏ˘࣎эౌТᇹߏѣ˘Ҝ΃ܑ2Ăѩ೩९јΑгቁϲણᛉࣶЩᗝ۞̶ Ąטᓑ֣វ۞̚ڱᝊĂ֭ܲ޺˞ጳ ೼࿆ĂੵטĂ༊ॡ۞ζᔴڍጳົᛉ۞ඕטโζયᗟ˵ߏ஝જፋ࣎ٺҌ ጳົטγĂ̙ኢݑΔ͞ౌѣᄊζ۞ଐԛĄણᄃטາࡻॾᜋߏԆБ൑ζᔴ˞ ᛉ۞ 55 Ҝ΃ܑ̚ಶѣ 25 Ҝߏζᔴ͹Ą༊ॡݑ͞ЧэֶᏥζᔴֽჯ޺׎჌ ᕝ൒༰ͤζᔴڱາጳڍё׎Ϡх۞͹ࢋᙯᔣĄЯѩтטങఄ๩གྷᑻĂζᔴ ԛјڱጳົᛉεୀĂซ҃൑טĂ๕υ͔੓ݑ͞э۞ૻধͅᇅĂࠤҌጱ࡭ט ࣎ᓑ֣វրĄ˘ ᑕྍ༰ͤЧэણᄃЇң઼ᅫڱિ޺ᆿζĂҭߏ̪િ޺ጳڱζੱᒉ൑ͅ ׎΁ז߷Ķซ˾ķζᔴٕߏ૟ώ઼ζᔴĶ΍˾ķܧĂΒ߁ଂٽζᔴ෶۞ّ Ϥ˘࣎ 11 Ҝ΃ܑ௡ј۞পҾ؎ࣶົ੅ኢՙޢĂ౵˭̙ેۋछĄ׌͞ຍ֍઼ ٽ९ĂؼᏵᓑ઼֣ົጾѣ׶Җֹ༰઼ͤᅫζᔴ෶͞םඉĂ֭೩ֻ˞˘࣎ԁ Ąҭߏ୧Іࠎ૟ֽᓑ֣ٽጳົᛉ̙̚ົ༰ζᔴ෶טĂ΃ܑޢᝋ˧Ҍ 20 ѐ۞ ᕣΪᅮܝ९Ă׎఼࿅۞ڱᇈඁĂ఼ٕ࿅࠹ᑕٽᅮࢋ၆઼ᅫζᔴ෶ڍтع߆ ࠹၆кᇴӈΞĂ̙ᅮࢋߏ 2/3 ۞඗၆кᇴ఼࿅Ą ᛉߏтңৼˢˠ˾ࢍზ̚ĂপҾߏдࢍზЧэ۞ۋโζాજ۞Ω˘࣎ ζэ೩ᛉ૟โζෛࠎੑயĂ̙ৼˢிᛉࣶ۞ܧிᛉࣶयѨॡ۞ࢍზᇾ໤Ą यѨ̶੨ࢍზ̚Ąᄊζэ۞ͅᇅૻধΞຐ҃ۢĂ΁ࣇᄮࠎдࢍზЧэ۞̶ ੨ඁኬॡโζజࢍზˢ̰Ă༊൒д̶੨ிᛉࣶयѨॡ˵ྍБᇴৼˢࢍზĄ Ⴌᅊ೩ᛉд௚ࢍЧэˠ˾ֽՙؠྍэிᛉࣶˠᇴॡĂՏҜโζ޷ރϤޢ౵ ˞ז଀םĄ఺˘ԁם઼࡚̳࣎ϔࢍზĂ఺ಶߏٙᏜ۞̶̣̝ˬԁˬ̶̝̣ ࣎ࢦ̂ᛉᗟĞWills, 2003ğĄ˘ޢ఼࿅Ă֭ͷ˵ߏົᛉྋՙ۞౵ ᛉĂ׎̚౵ᙯᔣ۞Яם᜜̙ᕝҭߏᓁਕ྿јۋጳົᛉ۞࿅඀Ăטტ៍ ̙˵Гܑϯ͵ࠧ˯՟ѣȈБȈ࡚۞ְĂٙͽ˘ڒჟৠĂಱᜋҹ۞ם৵ߏԁ Ăڍಶߏ౵р۞ඕڶѣȈБȈ࡚۞ྋՙ͞९ĂᔖࢦಶᅅĂਕྴฟ౵ᗼ۞ଐົ Ą఺჌ڱጳ۞צĂҭߏ̂छΞͽତڱჍ఺̙ߏ˘ొԆ࡚۞ጳڒٙͽಱᜋҹ ѣ࠹༊ӄৈĄםछચ၁гԁ̂ٺన၆ޙԆ࡚۞͕நޞഇ̙

2 ౵ޢజ࣒ԼࠎՏэ 2 ЩણᛉࣶयѨĄ ăௐ 2 ഇĞ2020/आ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 16 86

ጳົᛉ΃טጳјΑ۞ࢦࢋЯ৵Ąטቢ˵ߏ͔ጱغγĂ౵ૄώ۞̝םԁ ጳᛉົ̙ਕ˘ְ൑טቢĈࢵАߏغ̂ˬࣇᄮТ఺࣎ࢦࢋ۞ົᛉυืિчܑ ߏ̙ਕϡޢјćГ۰̙ਕЯѩጱ࡭઼छ۞̶ෘĂ҃ͷυืᓑЪ׶௚˘ć౵ ጳົᛉኘטĂΪਕдۋ྿јᓑЪ׶௚˘Ă̙ਕឰ઼࡚дགྷ።˘Ѩጼֽ˧ڠ ҿ྿јĄ ਨڱฏ˭Ăጳܔিጶͷާ඾૱ܧጳ΃ܑࣇౌט።གྷ 127 ͇۞ጬ੽Ăд ᘪфĄಱᜋҹ˯ڱ΍ᚤĂҭΪѣБొ 55 Ҝᄃົ΃ܑ̚۞ 39 Ҝдጳٺ९௣ ᄲ΍።Ϋ˯ໂࠎѣЩ۞˘߱ྖĂ΁ᄲĶҋ̎གྷ૱࠻඾͹यഎ̄˯۞఺࣎ڒ ੼Ꮈгۢޝؠ఺൪۞տౣߏ͟΍ᔘߏ͟རĄ̙࿅னдԧۺวĂݒᓁߏ̙͉ Օ۞͉วĄķĞShea, 2012: 212ğ˭ܧ҃̿˯྽఺ߏ͟΍Ă఺ߏ࣎ϒд

फ़ֽ໚ĈUShistory.orgĞn.d.ğĄྤ ጳົᛉර஽࿲ٙӱ۞͹यഎ̄טဦ 1ċ

జਖ਼ҌЧэڱௐ˛୧۞ఢؠĂጳڱߏֶፂጳܮĂГֽޢጳົᛉඕՁט г֤ਠึӀĂЧޞጳົᛉ΃ܑഇטซҖԲ఼ࣞ࿅ĄЧэ۞Բࣞ࿅඀̙֭ည ߏϤ౪ܮᒉ̚Ă౵ѣЩ۞ੱ۞ڱэ̰ొ̪ѣ፬ধ۞ኢ᜜Ąિؠጾ᜕ᓑ֣ጳ ࢚഑ă႔૜Ⴌ࿲ᄃ౰ϿĞJohn JayğˬˠĂֹϡඊЩ೼Ӏন೻ĞPubliusğд ͛ౢĄ1788 ѐĂ۞טᄃᓑ֣វڱ৸ࡗэ۞ಡ৽˯ాᜈ൴ܑ˞ 85 ቔ͚޺າጳ ᄪ۞ The Federalist PapersĞĮᓑ֣ኢįĂٕ็͵ޢĂјࠎۍ఺ֱ͛фඕะ΍ 87 ۏய۞םጳů̂ԁט઼࡚۞

ٽߏĮᓑ֣Ṑˠ͛ะįğĄፋώ͛ะ͔ϡΟԓᘷݱ֣ăᘲ੺ॡഇ۞ඕ༖ă෶ тң̖ਕԛј˘࣎ՀࠎԆච۞ᓑ༖Ăߊ಴ࢦЧ֣۞ҋ͹ځጼ߇ְĂᄲفᄃ ᝋĂ˫ਕ൴೭ᓑ༖۞౵̂ᐹ๕Ą೩ᏹ઼࡚ˠ඗̙ࢋࢦᔏᖬᖽ።Ϋ۞εୀି੊Ą

फ़ֽ໚ĈCNN LibraryĞ2018ğĄྤ

ࣧቇڱဦ 2ċ઼࡚ጳ

肆、美國憲法的原則

ޙٙڱࢵАĂԧࣇ͔ϡ઼࡚ጳ߆ጯ۰ SkousenĞ2007ğٙᕩৼ۞઼࡚ጳ ࣧ݋Ĉ̂ 28 ઼ޙϲ۞઼࡚ Ă̖ڱNatural law is the basis of a just and free societyĈΪѣᏲчҋ൒ .1 ϲ̳ϒᄃҋϤ۞ۤົĄޙਕ 2. A free society cannot exist without moral and virtuous peopleĈ˘࣎ҋ ˠĄ۞إϤ۞ۤົυืࢋѣݡᇇ੼ 3. A free society cannot exist without moral and virtuous leadersĈ˘࣎ҋ ᅳጱˠĄ۞إϤ۞ۤົ˵˘ؠࢋѣݡᇇ੼ ׶̳ϔعЈĂ߆ܫି؟՟ѣڍThe role of religion is foundationalĈт .4 Ą˳ܜҋϤಶ̙ਕ۞ ăௐ 2 ഇĞ2020/आ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 16 88

5. All things were created by God, therefore upon Him all mankind are ˯࠰Ϥۏequally dependent, and to Him they are equally responsibleĈ༱ ࢬ݈ĂˠᙷӮֳѣТඈ۞ԕҦĂϺٚፉТඈ۞యЇĄޓ˯ٙ౹ౄĂдޓ All men are created equalĈٙѣ۞ˠϠֽౌߏπඈ۞Ą .6 عGovernment protects equal rights, does not provide equal thingsĈ߆ .7 ኳπඈĄۏᖚਕߏܲᅪˠϔ۞πඈᝋӀĂ̙҃ߏ೩ֻ۞ ͹ۏUnalienable rights are endowed by their CreatorĈˠᙷ͇Ϡֳѣౄ .8 ኬ̟۞̙Ξࣤဳ۞ᝋӀĄ 9. To protect rights God revealed certain divine lawsĈ˯ޓ೬ϯ᜕ܲˠᙷ ĄޠڱᝋӀ۞ৠཐ 10. Governments derive their just powers from the consent of the governed; ϒ༊ֽّҋБវˠϔ۞Т۞عsovereignty remains with the peopleĈ߆ ຍĂৠ̖ົኬ̟ᝋ˧Ą 11. Oppressive government may be altered or abolished by the peopleĈˠ ϔ ĄعѣᝋԼតٕଯᖙ߉Җᇷ߆۞߆ ϲВ׶߆វĄޙThe United States shall be a RepublicĈ઼࡚ᑕ .12 13. A constitution should be structured to permanently protect the people ۰Яҋ൒۞ˠّڼfrom the human frailties of their rulersĈࠎ˞֨ͤ௚ Ąޘטనࢍ΍ϖ˳۞ܲᅪڱऴᕇ๋҃चˠϔ۞ᝋӀĂυืϤጳ Property rights secure people’s libertiesĈˠϔυืֳѣੑய۞ᝋӀĂ .14 ਕֳѣҋϤĄ̖ 15. Free market and minimal government best supports prosperityĈ౅࿅ҋ ࿰Ăߏᒔ଀ᓄၷ۞౵ָܲᙋĄ̒عϤξಞགྷᑻ׶౵͌۞߆ 16. Government should be separated into three branches: Legislative, Ąܝ࣎ొˬڱăҖ߆׶Φڱᑕྍထ̶ࠎϲعExecutive and JudicialĈ߆ 17. A system of checks and balances help to prevent abuse of powerĈᑕޙ Ăͽ֨ቑᝋ˧ᑿϡĄޘטᏊטϲˬᝋ̶ϲ۞ ҌᙯࢦࢋĄڱA written Constitution protects unalienable rightsĈј͛ጳ .18 ᝋ˧ᑕྍ۞عGovernments should have limited and defined powersĈ߆ .19 89 ۏய۞םጳů̂ԁט઼࡚۞

Ąטѣٙؠཌྷ׶ࢨ кᇴˠՙؠפMajority rules, law protects the minority rightsĈՙඉଳ .20 υื᜕ܲ಴ࢦ͌ᇴˠ۞ᝋӀĄ˵ޠڱࣧ݋Ă۞ 21. Strong local self-government is the keystone to preserving human Ă఺ߏˠϔҋϤ۞ܲᅪĄع߆ڼϲૻ̂۞г͞ҋޙfreedomĈ 22. A free people are governed by law and not by whims of their leadersĈˠ ĄڼĂ̙ߏˠڼڱߏ۞צϔତ 23. A free society cannot survive as a republic without a broad program of г೼̈́ିֈâ࣎ҋϤۤົ̖Ξჯ޺Вھgeneral educationĈΪѣᇃ ׶߆វĄ 24. A free people cannot survive unless they stay strongĈΪѣˠϔૻ̂Ă ҋϤĄצਕֳ̖ 25. Peace, commerce, and honest friendship with all nations; entangling alliances with noneĈᄃٙѣ઼छჯ޺׶πăથຽă׶ϒۡ۞̓ኖĄ̙ ࢋᄃЇң઼छඕ༖Ą 26. Family is the basic unit of society and should be fostered and protectedĈ ᑕྍခᐽ׶᜕ܲछल۞ԆፋّĄعछलߏۤົᘦؠ۞८͕Ă߆ 27. The burden of debt is as destructive to freedom as subjugation by ĄڮڪconquestĈๅચົ৔ᗼҋϤĂ̷̻ౝˢๅચ 28. The United States has a manifest destiny to be an example and a blessing in sharing and promoting the principles of libertyĈ઼࡚۞͇൒ ׻ĂߏјࠎБˠᙷ੠ՐҋϤ۞ܑதĂ֭ᄃБˠᙷ̶ֳҋϤĄֹ

ֽ۞˧ߏٙѣᝋޓ˯༛ିૄᖂĂૄ۞઼ޙଂ఺ 28 ࣧ݋Ăԧࣇ࠻΍઼࡚ ڦᏴϔĂд̋ᝆ̝ݱ็ᇫҋϤᄃ׶πĄГֽࣃ଀۞ޓ˯໚ᄃֶᕩĂ઼࡚ߏ ĂSkousenĞ2007ğჍ఺Вטጳ΃ܑࣇિ޺઼࡚ߏ˘࣎В׶઼۞វטຍ۞ߏ ጳົᛉ΃ܑ͕ϫ̚۞ϔ͹̙֭ߏԧࣇ̫טĂЯࠎдטߏϔ͹វ̙֭ט׶វ გᔑ۞ᇷજĄع߆צă൑৩ԔĂ̙عĂϔ͹΃ܑ۞ߏ൑߆ه೼࿆ᄮۢ۞ໄ͇ democracy ٕߏ democratic ׌фĄ זٙѣ୧͛̚Ăԧࣇ࠻̙۞ڱٙͽд઼࡚ጳ ăௐ 2 ഇĞ2020/आ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 16 90

ع׍౯׌࣎୧ІĈ˘ߏ߆טϲ۞В׶វޙ઼࡚ࢋז౪࢚ᅊĞ1787ğ೩ ĂטࣶϤˠϔᏴᓝٕ۰Ї׻ĂͷѣЇഇࢨءعٙѣᝋ˧ֽҋˠϔĂ˟ߏ߆۞ ۰ĂΪѣݡҖბϒ̖Ξ௣֗ЇᖚĄࢵАĂЯࠎ઼छߏБ͇˭ˠ۞઼छĂٕ ߏ˘࣎ˠă˘࣎छ୉ă˘࣎ᛨࠁă˘࣎ะဥă˘࣎ลᆸ۞઼छĂٙͽᝋ̙ υืֽҋˠϔĂֽҋۤົ̚۞̂кᇴˠĂ఺ᇹ۞߆វ̖׍ѣВ׶۞ّኳĄ˧ ĂՏ࣎ˠౌѣᝋӀણᄃ̳ВְચĂˠϔߏ̳Вְચ۞͹ˠĄ˭טВ׶઼វ ࣶ۞ᝋ˧ֽҋˠϔ۞଱ᝋĂߏགྷϤˠϔᏴᓝ۞͞ёٙயءعΩγĂ߆ ˠϔĂ၁ᅫ˯̙ΞਕٙѣˠౌਕҖֹᝋٺϠ۞̳ᝋ˧ĄЯࠎٙѣᝋ˧ౌᛳ Ăυ൒ࢋԯგந̳Вְચ۞ᝋ˧؎੉ග˘ొ̶ˠĂ҃఺ֱˠυืߏᏴᓝ˧ ۰Ї׻யϠ۞Ăͷጾѣᝋ˧۞ˠυืߏѣЇഇ۞Ăӎ݋஍ࠎ͵᝚۞ล৺ٕ ۞˭ĄՏѨᏴᓝౌߏˠϔГ଱ᝋٕߏќа଱ᝋ۞፟ົĂЯѩВ׶߆វޘט ڱಶ՟ѣЪڼϲдˠϔТຍૄᖂ̝˯۞Ă՟ѣˠϔ۞ТຍĂ׎௚ޙߏع߆ ώኳĄ۞טĂ఺ಶߏ઼࡚В׶វّ ϲ۞઼࡚ࣧ݋γĂԧࣇ˵Ξΐͽ੅ኢ၆઼࡚ጳޙٙڱੵ˞ᄮ୻઼࡚ጳ д፾ϲྻજ̚՟ѣԁච఍ޘטϔ͹ّ׶̳πّ۞ෞኢĄּтโζֱ˘ڱ ޙ઼࡚՟ѣ፾ϲڍጱ͔΍̰ጼĄѣኢ۰޽΍ĂтޢѺѐܕдϲ઼ٺநĂ௣ ĂЯࠎࡻޘטᑕྍົͽͧྵπ׶۞͞ёĂ҃ͷྵѝᆿੵζᔴعĂࡻ઼߆઼ ۞זצ९Ă҃ͷࡻ઼д࡚߷തϔгֳڱטѐᆿੵЧതϔг۞ζᔴ 1834 ٺ઼ טโζӀৈྵ͌Ğ̙ညдฮ෴ΐğĂ఺˵ົឰࡻ઼ͧྵᙸຍᆿੵΔ࡚۞ζᔴ Ą࡚߷തϔг۞ݑ͞ᄊζડા۞གྷᑻវ̙֭̂Ă၆ࡻ઼۞ᇆᜩ̙̂Ăݑޘ ᇆᜩ˧д࡚߷ྵ̂҃̏Ą၆ݑ͞തϔг҃֏Ăࢭ׻͹ࢋϫ۞ߏܲҝζ۞͞ ĞSchama, 2006ğĄޘטᔴ నࢍĂDahlĞ2001ğѣᚑᆖ۞ԲҿĂ΁ኳט੫၆઼࡚ฟ઼ॡ۞ጳ߆វ ĉڱৌ۞ߏ֤ᆃᐹսĂࠎң͵ࠧ˯՟ѣЇң઼छԆБड़ڍтڱય઼࡚۞ጳ ጳטጳົᛉ׶ฟ઼̮ጙߏ׌ԲˠĂΪѣ͌ᇴೀ࣎ࢦኑ΍னĄט΁޽΍ણᄃ ܫ႕̙·عĂ၆ᓑ֣߆عЧэࢋឰഭк͌ᝋ˧ගᓑ֣߆ٺᛉ۞ࢦᕇдົ ጳטጾѣ౵к۞ᝋ˧Ăፋ࣎عߏౄјэ߆ٺЇĂܫ̙ޘЇĂ၆ҁѺؖ˵ໂ ĂྺຽэᄃםĂ̂эᄃ̈э۞ԁםĂݑ͞ᄃΔ͞۞ԁڍඕ۞ם࿅඀ౌߏԁ ጳౢĂᘲᇇफ֭۞ޢጳົᛉ˯׎၁Ϊѣ 12 эᘪཌ౵טĄ҃ͷםຽэ۞ԁ̍ 91 ۏய۞םጳů̂ԁט઼࡚۞

՟ѣᘪཌĄ ৿ౝċ̂˛۞ڱDahlĞ2001ğТॡ޽΍઼࡚ጳ ጱ઼͔࡚̰ጼĄޘטĂឰζᔴטटԡζᔴ .1 Ϗ೼̈́۞ԸைᝋẴˠᄃโˠౌϏֳѣᄃϨˠշˠ˘ᇹ۞ણ߆ᝋĄ .2 ϤۡତܧķĞelectoral collegeğĂౄјᓁ௚֭טᓁ௚Ᏼᓝ̝ĶᏴᓝˠဥ .3 ೼ᏴٙயϠĄ Ă̙ኢ̂̈эĂౌТᇹጾѣ 2 ࣎यѨĂពޘטણᛉੰ۞̙πඈयѨ .4 ൒ᝋ˧̙πඈĄ ˠϔۡତᏴᓝĄܧ፟ᙯٙᏴ΍Ă֭ڱనࢍણᛉࣶϤэϲڱࣧАጳ .5 ĂΞͽ࿁ጳྋᛖࣝዼҖ߆ᄃϲءڱᆶߤᝋኬ̟̙ߏˠϔᏴ΍۞ڱΦ .6 ᝋĄڱ ౵̂۞ᝋ˧Ă઼ົعనࢍኬ̟э߆ڱࢨĂࣧА۞ጳ݀ٺᝋ˧࿅ົ઼ .7 ాኝඁᝋౌ՟ѣĄ

טᒔ଀םགྷ૱ࠎˠྛঽ۞ߏણᛉੰ۞Тᗝ΃ܑयѨĂᔵ൒д༊ॡ۞ԁ నࢍ۞̳πّ˵۞ቁࣃ଀ԲෞĂּтᘃܻޘטεୀĂҭߏ׎ٺጳົᛉ̙࡭ ,α˼༱Ă࠹म̱ȈкࢺĞWorldatlasܕ˾эˠ˾̙֖̱Ȉ༱Ăΐэˠځ 2018ğĄ൒҃Ăણᛉࣶ˫۞यѨౌߏ 2 यĄ ߏኜкᛉኢ̝ٙдĂҌ̫።Ϋ˯̏གྷ˵טѩγĂ፾ՎБ஧۞Ᏼᓝˠဥ ΍ன 5 ѨĞ1824ă1876ă1888ă2000ă2016ğ࣏Ᏼˠᛏ଀೼ᏴைĂҭߏݒ ᛉّ۞Ᏼᓝᓁۋѩ˘ήפጳົᛉॡ̝ٙͽଳטĄڍᏮଫᓁ௚̂Ᏼ۞؈َඕ ௚͞ёĂ৷ოߏͧྵّ۞ᏴፄĂЯࠎ׶׎΁׌࣎͞ё࠹ͧĂѩ͞ёྵਕజ ၆ܐజ੅ኢ۞͞ёߏϤˠϔۡᏴٕϤ઼ົᏴᏴ΍Ă༊׀˘Ą׎΁׌࣎צତ ˠϔਕೠ೪ϒቁ۞ྤੈĂ̙೷Ϲ;ˠϔ͉̂ܫҲĂ̙̂࠹ޝޘЇܫˠϔ۞ ᝋ˧ĄϤ઼ົᏴ΍۞ྖĂፉ͕Ӹᘣˬᝋ̶ϲĂ˵ᙱͽܲ޺፾ϲ۞ᓁ௚ᖚ۞ Զਾ͞९Ă̂э۞ޢ̝םĂ҃ͷߏд׎΁̂ԁצజ̂छତޘטᝋĄЯ҃ѩ ĞRakove, 2000ğĄצ఺࣎Զਾ͞ёಶྵਕତٺэౌͽЧѣٙᒔĂ၆̈ ѣٙԼត۞೩ᛉ̙ᕝĂּт 1963 ѐྜ഑ᓁ௚ޘט።Ϋ˯ԓ୕၆ѩ Ᏼᓝˠဥ˘ؠ̙ਕ࿁ͅ೼Ᏼை۞ඕטĞLyndon B. Johnsonğഅ೩ᛉ࣒Լૻ ࣒ጳ۞೩९ĂҭٕڱĂౌߏ֭Ϗ၁னĄၟҌ 2018 ѐ̏གྷѣ෹࿅ 500 ࣒࣎ڍ ăௐ 2 ഇĞ2020/आ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 16 92

ᄏࠃ೼۞ϔຍአߤĂזߏౌ՟ѣ၁னĞRothman, 2018ğĄଂဦ 3 ԧࣇΞͽ࠻ Ă҃ͷम෼ౌдޘטჯ޺ѩٺதᓁߏ੼ͧ۞ޘטкѐֽᙒј࣒ԼᏴᓝˠဥ 30%νΠĂΪѣ 2016 ѐ۞म෼ᒺ̈Ҍ 2%Ą

Preferred System for Electing U.S. Presidents Would you prefer to amend the Constitution so the candidate who receives the most total votes nationwide wins the election, or to keep the current system, in which the candidate who wins the most votes in the Electoral College wins the election?  % Amend the Constitution  % Keep current system

फ़ֽ໚ĈSwiftĞ2016ğĄྤ ຍ֍̝ޘט࣒ԼᏴᓝˠဥٺဦ 3ċ઼࡚ϔி၆

ௐ 5 ୧ఢؠ۞࣒ڱ੼Ăֶፂ઼࡚ጳ૱ܧᕣܝ઼࡚࣒ጳ۞ٺયᗟ۞ᙯᔣд ˬጳ඀ԔĂ࣒ጳ९ΞϤ઼ົણி׌ੰᛉࣶˬ̶̝˟ˠᇴ೩΍Ăٕߏٙѣэ۞ ̶̝˟̝эᛉົ̝ኛՐ҃Ρะ࣒ጳົᛉĄ̙҃ኢߏࣹ˘჌೩९ԛёĂ࣒ጳ९ υืགྷЧэα̶̝ˬ̝эᛉົٕགྷ࣒ጳົᛉα̶̝ˬ඗၆кᇴԲࣞॡĂ̖ౌ ਕ఼࿅Ϡड़Ą఺჌Ķˬ̶̝˟ķ۞೩ᛉ࣒ጳĂͽ̈́Ķα̶̝ˬķ۞඗၆кᇴ ࣒ϒ९ௐ˟୧ጾѣڱĂጳטᕣĄ̙ΪߏᏴᓝˠဥܝໂ੼۞࣒ጳޘԲࣞĂߏᙱ ᙱͽৌϒ࣒ԼĄ˭טᕣ۞ࢨܝሤধĂҭ˵ؕ௣д੼૱ܧ˵ᛉۋጡ۞ڠ Ăژ̶ڱ੅ኢĂซҖϏֽˬ֎۞͞۞઼ޙጳטĂԧࣇॲፂ˯઼࡚ࢗޢ౵ дϏֽˬ֎̚Ăٛ˧޽۞ߏϏֽᙸഀ۞੠ՐĂ͔ٛҖજ۰ॲፂྍϫᇾ݈ซ ᙸഀ݈ซ۞ᜭજ˧Ă˵Ξᄲߏ྿јᙸഀـณĄଯ˧޽۞ߏனล߱ଯજ˧۞ 93 ۏய۞םጳů̂ԁט઼࡚۞

ᘣ੠Րܡ˭࿅Ν۞็௚ՁᎨĂٕߏ༊ٺѣӀЯ৵Ą҃ࢦ˧݋Ξਕߏхд۞ ᙸഀ̝̙ӀЯ৵Ą ൑ᝋ൑ਕ۞ӧعĂ̚δ߆˭טጳ۞ᙸഀߏԓ୕ਕྃା֣ᓑវט઼࡚ ᝋਕĂ˵ቁܲˠϔ۞ҋϤᝋӀĄࢋعĂૻ̼̚δ߆טဩĂ౅࿅В׶ᓑ֣វ Чҋࠎ߆Ăနೋ˭טĂд֣ᓑវޢ྿јѩᙸഀ۞ࢦ˧ѣ 13 ࣎തϔгд፾ϲ ĂтңឰЧ֣ڡδะᝋĂᔘѣЧ֣Я̂̈ᄃயຽݭၗमளĂӀৈ้Ш̶̚ ͞˧ะវҖજ۞јώĂౌߏᚑध۞߄ጼĄдଯڇன၁۞ᓑЪӀৈĂҹז࠻ Ăҭߏ 13ٽధ࠹ԛट˵ۋநĂጼڼՀΐᓞᙱ۞߄ጼߏ၁ኳޢۋࢬĂ፾ϲጼ ጳԼࢭ۞౵̂ଯ˧Ą҃ͷࣣࣣଯᖙט֣࣎тңะវྻүĂВТѸӀߏଯજ ˘ϲޙĂΐ˯ૄ༛າି۞͔ጱĂטĂ઼࡚̙ຐГซˢͳᝋវڼࡻ઼ͳᝋ௚ ჌჌ன၁ᙱᗟ۞જ˧Ąڇ࣎၈າ۞̋ᝆ̝ݱߏҹ

טϲВ׶ᓑ֣វޙ ᝋਕعᙸഀٛ˧ ૻ̼̚δ߆ ܲᅪˠϔҋϤᝋӀ

ᓑЪ҃ૻ̂۞ຍᙸ Їܫ၆็௚ͳᝋ۞̙ Ᏼϔ۞ֹ׻ຏᄃ ֣ᓑ୧ּޓ˯ ၷ᜖ຏ ̂̈эăݑΔэ̙ТӀৈ

ଯ˧Ğӄ˧ğ ࢦ˧Ğܡ˧ğ

ࢦ˧ Ϗֽˬ֎઼̝ޙጳטဦ 4ċ઼࡚

伍、結論

ጳົטߏ˘઼࣎छ۞ϲ઼ૄᖂĂ˵ߏԛ๬઼छ̼͛۞౵̂ଯ˧Ąڱጳ ᛉឰ઼࡚ଂĶ֣̝ᓑЪķតјĶᓑЪ̝֣ķĂଂ 13 ઼̈Ğ֣ğඕЪј˘࣎ ૻٺϫᇾΪߏ࣒ጳĂ࣒Լ֤ొ࿅ܐጳົᛉ۞౵טৌϒ۞Ъி઼Ąְ၁˯Ă ăௐ 2 ഇĞ2020/आ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 16 94

ᝋਕ۞֣ᓑ୧ּĂߏܸჍ۞ࡍҘ྅ԼҘ྅Ąҭߏ౵عአ֣ᝋ҃ᜁࠗ̚δ߆ Ă˵ߏৌϒ࡚ӀિЪி઼۞ኚϠĂٕڱϲ˘ొ၈າ۞ጳޙጳĂטតјߏޢ ѣ઼छ˵̙ࠎ࿅Ą̖ڱధᄲ઼࡚ߏАѣጳ ϲВ׶઼Ăޙጳ΃ܑࣇ̂ᓙဘྏд઼࡚טώതϔ٤ਣ۞݂ᐍჟৠâ Ăᔘѣ઼ޓ఺ߏ༊ॡБ͵ࠧ۞౹ᓝĂٕధ΁ࣇᄮࠎਕૉ௲ᗓ̙͟ར۞̂ࡻ ᆃ̙ਕ྿ј۞׸ĉ̦ эᄃݑΔ̈̂ٺĂጱЯڡໂ̂۞ຍ֍৾זጳົᛉĂԧࣇ࠻טଂ઼࡚۞ चצৈă̶݋צĄЪ݋ٽटۋэ۞ᛳّमளĂ఺ֱፋЪ۞߄ጼ̙ͧ፾ϲጼ ጳᛉົ̙ਕ˘ְ൑јă̙ਕጱ࡭઼छ۞̶טߏдٺߏ༊ॡ౵ૄώ۞វᄮĂ םኘҿ۞ܜቢ˭Ăणฟႝغ̂ˬ྿јᓑЪ׶௚˘Ăֽ˧ڠෘăᄃ̙ਕֹϡ አĄ ચ၁гវᄮˠّ۞ऴᕇĂᄃˠϔ̙ߏֹ͇۞ૄώ݈૱ܧጳ΃ܑࣇט ѣˠّٙѣ۞ऴᕇĂ̙ਕ૊୕ˠົܮعߏϤˠ௡ј۞Ă߆ౌع೩Ąߊ൒߆ זĂд੠ՐռӀ۞݈೩˭˵྿ט༼ϖᅈ൴೭ώච۞˘ࢬĂЯѩυืѣّٙ ߏυࢋܮᏊĞcheck and balanceğט౵̳̂ВӀৈĄЯѩˬᝋ̶ϲĂᄃ࠹̢ నࢍĄޘטͷચ၁۞ ̰˭ጳ۞৿ౝĂࠤҌߏःטధ՟ѣૻҖྋՙโζયᗟĂົజ࠻јߏٕ ጳົᛉטΞਕጱ࡭ޝৌ۞дѩᛉᗟ˯̢̙ੜឰĂڍтܐጼ۞჌̄Ă൒҃༊ БሹሚୀĂ҃˘ְ൑јĂࠤҌߏᄦౄՀΐᙱͽޭೇ۞ෘஶĄ ቁϲ઼࡚םጳ۞̂ԁטጳߏ˘࣎ϔ୉ّॾᄃϔ͹ّॾ۞ዳјĄ઼࡚ט ̖ޘטؠѣᏮѣᛏ۞፟ົ׶טϲ઼ჟৠĂᄮ୻Ӏৈυ൒኏ࡎ۞ώኳĄΪѣ ᚶᜈĂࠎҋ̎˵ឰҾˠѣᖙώ۞፟ົĄۋߏࠎ˞ឰᚮםщĄԁ˳ڼܜਕ ˯ᆸˠϔ۞ሤଐᄃՙ͕γĂغ˞ጳගԧࣇ۞ୁϯߏĂੵטΩγĂ઼࡚ रώຽ۰ޠጳ΃ܑ̚ͽטᆸයࡻ۞ംᇊᄃኢࢗਕ˧ՀߏјΑ۞ᙯᔣĄ઼࡚ кĂ΁ࣇ۞ۢᙊૄᖂѣለ߷дጳ߆གྷរ׶Οҁ۞።Ϋି੊ĂГᏉˢˠϔا ΑਕĄຍӈᅳ۞̂ޝЈĂ఺ֱдΒ྅ચ၁۞Ӏৈ੠Ր˯൴೭ܫି؟ᑖ۞ٽ ϲޙጱයࡻࢋਕ೩΍ˠϔਕᑖĂ҃ͷѣֶٙፂ۞நຐᙸഀĂ̖ਕ૲ᅳ̂छ ࣎၈າĂͷ׍ѣ൴णሕਕ۞າᎸ઼छĄ˘ 95 ۏய۞םጳů̂ԁט઼࡚۞

!ጳົᛉဦט︰ᐂ 1ܢ

फ़ֽ໚ĈWikipediaĞ2019ğĄྤ

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參考文獻

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U.S. Constitution: A Product of Great Compromise

Shun-jie Ji Director, Graduate Institute of Futures Studies Tamkang University, New Taipei, TAIWAN

Abstract

The U.S. Constitution is recognized as the first written constitution in republic form of human history. It has received different comments, from miracle, masterpiece, to a rough negotiation. The purpose of this paper is to explore the historical background of this constitution and to discuss the making process and all controversial issues involved. The findings suggest that mainly because of the great compromise achieved in the Constitutional Convention which included compromises of big and small states, north and south states. Through the great compromise, the U.S. government was produced and started an experiment that lasted more than three centuries.

Keywords: Continental Congress, Constitutional Convention, Articles of Confederation, Great Compromise