Notes INTRODUCTION 1. On Russian populism see V. Khoros, Populism: Its Past, Present, and Future, (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1980) pp. 124-44. and G. Kitching, Development and Underdevelopment in Historical Perspective, (New York: Methuen, 1982) pp. 35-45. 2. On North American Populism seeN. Pollack, The Populist Response to Industrial America: Midwestern Populist Thuught (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1962). 3. See P. Worsley, 'The Concept of Populism' in, G. Ionescu and E. Gellner (eds), Populism: Its Meaning and National Characteristics (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1969) pp. 229-35. 4. K. Soper, 'Postmodernism and its Discontent' Feminist Review, 39 (Winter 1991) pp. 107-8. 5. S. Lovibond, 'Feminism and Postmodernism' New Left Review, 78 (November-December 1989) p. 28. 6. M. Barrett, in Barrett, M. and A. Phillips (eds) Destabilizing Theory: Contemporary Feminist Debates (Oxford: Polity Press, 1992) pp. 6 and 9. 7. M. Yamada, 'Asian Pacific American Women and Feminism' in C. Moraga and G. Anzaldua (eds) This Bridge Called My Back (New York: Kitchen Table: Women of Color Press) pp. 72-3. 8. A. Lorde, 'An Open Letter to Mary Daly', in C. Moraga and G. Anzaldua This Bridge... pp. 94-7. 9. A. Lorde, Sister Outsider; (Calif: The Crossing Press Feminist Series, 1984) p. 112. 10. b. hooks, Talking Back: thinking feminist thinking black (Boston, Mass.: South End Press, 1989) p. 20. 11. See for example, R. Hammami and M. Rieker, 'Feminist Orientalism and Orientalist Marxism', New Left Review, 170 UulyI August 1988) pp. 93-106. 12. L. Ahmed, Women and Gender in Islam: Historical Roots of a Modern Debate (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1992) pp. 154-5. 13. See B. Harlow 'Commentary: "All that is Inside is not Centre": Responses to the Discourses of Domination' in Weed, E. Coming to Terms: Feminism, Theory, Politics (New York and London: Routledge, 1989) pp. 163 and 167. 14. See M. Lazerg, 'Feminism and Difference: The Perils of Writing as a Woman on Women in Algeria', in M. Hirsch and E. Fox Keller, Conflicts in Feminism (New York and London: Routledge, 1990) pp. 327-9 and 340-2. 15. E. Said, 'Orientalism Reconsidered' in S. K. Farsoun, Arab Society: Continuity and Change (London: Croom Helm 1985) p. 107. 191 192 Notes to Introduction 16. SeeP. Higgins, 'Women in the Islamic Republic of Iran: Legal, Social, and Ideological Changes', in Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 10, 31, (1985). 17. J. Minces, The House of Obedience (London and New Jersey: Zed Books, 1982) p. 25. 18. A. Tabari, 'The Women's Movement in Iran: A Hopeful Prognosis', Feminist Studies, 2 (Summer 1986) p. 357. 19. E. Accad, Sexuality and War: Literary Masks of the Middle East (New York and London: New York University Press, 1990) p. ix. 20. K. Mumtaz and F. Shaheed, Women of Pakistan: Two Steps Forward, One Step Back? (London and New Jersey: Zed Books, 1987) p. 2. 21. Ibid. 22. B. Cheriet, 'The Resilience of Algerian Populism', Middle East Report, (Jan-Feb. 1992) pp. 13-14. 23. Ibid. 24. See for example, N. Abdo 'Women of the intifada: gender, class and national liberation', Race & Class, 32, 4 (April-June 1991). 25. R. Hammami, 'Women, the Hijab and the Intifada', Middle East Report, (May-August 1990) pp. 24-8. 26. J. R. Weeks, 'The demography of Islamic nations', Population Bulletin vol. 43, 4 (December 1988). See also N. Haggag Yousef, Women and Worn in Developing Societies (Berkeley: University of California, Popu­ lation Monograph Series, No. 15,), and V. M. Moghadam, 'The Repro­ duction of Gender Inequality in Muslim Societies: A Case Study of Iran in the 1980s', WorldDevelopment, 19, 10 (1991). 27. M. Molyneux, 'Mobilization Without Emancipation: Women's Interests and Revolution in Nicaragua', Feminist Revi~ 11, 2 (Summer 1985). 28. D. Kandiyoti, 'Emancipated but Unliberated? Reflections on the Turkish Case' Feminist Studies, 13,2 (Summer 1987) pp. 317-18. 29. SeeR. Ridd and H. Callaway (eds), Women and Political Conflict: Portraits ofStrugglein TimesofCrisis (New York: New York University Press, 1987) pp. 3-4. 30. M. Ghoussoub, 'A Reply to Hammami and Rieker' New Left Revi~ 170 (July/August 1988) p. 109. 31 E. Accad, Sexuality and War. .. pp. 12 and 31-2. 32. See K. Dwyer, Arab Voices: The human rights debate in the Middle East, (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London: University of California Press, 1991) pp. 182-3. 33. See M. Raha, Haqiqat-e Sadeh (Simple Truth: Memoirs from Women Prisons in the Islamic Republic of Iran), (Hanover: Iranian Women's Independent Democratic Association, 1992/1371) pp. 89 and 158-9. 34. Iran Times, (17 Azar 1369/December 1990). 35. Zan-e Rooz, 1294, (17, Azar 1369/1990). 36. M. O'Brien, Politics of Reproduction, (Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1981) pp. 51, 166. 37. M. Khawar and F. Shaheed, Women ofPakistan ... , p. 3 38. See, for example, J. Benjamin, The Bonds of Love: Psychoanalysis, Fem­ inism and the Problem of Domination, (New York & Toronto: Random House, 1988) pp. 5-9 and 74-84. Notes to Chapter 1 193 CHAPTER 1 THE EMERGING WOMEN'S MOVEMENT 1. E. Sanasarian, The Women's Rights Movement in Iran; Mutiny, Appeasement, and Repression from 1900 to Khomeini, (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1983) p. 14. 2. See H. Nateq, 'Negahi Beh Barkhi Neveshteha Va Mobarezat-e Zanan Dar Doureh Mashrotiat' ('A Brief Look at Some Writings and Struggles of Women During Constitutional Revolution') Ketab-e Jome, 30 (23 Esfand 1358/February 1980) pp. 45-53. 3. G. R. Insafpour, Ghodrat va Magham-e Zan dar Advar-e Tarikh (Woman's Power and Position in Different Historical Periods), (Tehran: Nesbi Ketab 1346/1967) p. 432. 4. Letter from the British Embassy in Tehran to Foreign Office, cited in F. Adamiat, Amir Kabir va Iran (Amir Kabir and Iran), (Tehran: Kharazmi Publishers, 1348/1969), pp. 420-1. 5. F. Adamiat, Ideologiy-e ]onbesh-e Mashrouteh (The Ideology of the Constitu­ tional Movement), (Tehran: Payam Publisher, 1355/1976) p. 21. 6. H. Nateq and F. Adamiat, Afkar-e Ejtemaii, Siasi va Eqtesadi Dar Asar-e Montasher Nashodeh Dowran Ghajar (Social, Political and Econ­ omic Thoughts in the Unpublished Works of the Qajar Period), W. Germany: Navid Publishers, 1368/1989) pp. 22-6. 7. H. Nateq, 'Negahi Beh .. .' pp. 45-53. 8. A. H. Nahid, Zanan-e Iran dar ]onbesh-e Mashroutiat (Iranian Women in the Constitutional Movement), (Tabriz: Ehia Publishers, 1360/1981) PP· 85-6. 9. Y Dowlatabadi, Hayat-e Yahya (The Life of Yahya), (Tehran: Ebn Sina Publishing, n.d.), Vol. 2, p. 26. 10. M. Savoji, Tafavot-e Huquq-e Zanan va Mardan dar Islam va Iran (Differ­ ences in the Legal Right of Women and Men in Islam and Iran), (Tehran: Ali Akbar Elmi Publishing House, 1958/1337) pp. 43--5. 11. M. Bayat-Philip, 'Women and Revolution in Iran', in L. Beck and N. Keddie, (eds) Women in the Muslim World, (Boston, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1978) pp. 301-2. 12. Adamiat, Ideologiy-e ... , pp. 427-9. 13. B. Bamdad, From Darkness into Light: Woman's Emancipation in Iran, (Hicksville, NY: Exposition Press, 1977) pp. 30-1. 14. SeeM. Ettehadieh, (ed.) Taj-ol Saltaneh; Memoirs (Khaterat-e Taj-ol Sal­ taneh), (Tehran: Nashr-e Tarikh, 1982), and also S. Mahdavi, 'Taj-ol­ Saltaneh, an Emancipated Qajar Princess', Middle Eastern Studies, 23, No.2, (Apri11987). 15. P. Shaikh-ol Islami, Zanan-e Rooznameh-Negar va Andishmand-e Iran (Womem Journalists and Scholars of Iran), (Tehran: Mazgraphic Printing, 1351/1972), pp. 85-8. 16. Bamdad, From Darkness... , p. 76. 17. NimeyeDigar, 3 & 4 Winter (1364/1986), p. 171. 18. See M. Afkhami, 'Iran: A Future in the Past; The 'Pre-revolutionary' Women's Movement' in R. Morgan (ed.), Sisterhood is Globa~ (Garden City, NY: Anchor Press/Doubleday, 1984) p. 330. 194 Notes to Chapter 2 19. A. S. Kambakhsh, Nazari Behjonbeshre Kargari va Kommunisti-ye Iran (An Overview of the Workers and Communist Movement in Iran), (Stockholm: Tudeh Press, 1979) p. 31. 20. Bamdad, FromDarlmess ... , pp. 63-4. 21. Ibid., p. 64. See also Sanasarian, E., op. cit. p. 36. 22. Karnbakhsh, NazariBeh ... , p. 31. 23. Ibid. pp. 30-1. CHAPTER 2 WOMEN AND SOCIAL REFORMS 1. Bamdad, From Darkness... p. 85. 2. F. Ostadmalek, Hejab va Kashf-e Hejab dar Iran (Veil and Unveiling in Iran), (Tehran: Ataii Publishing, 1988) p. 128. 3. K. Jayawardena, Feminism and Nationalism in the Third World, (London andNewjersey: Zed Books, 1986) p. 39. 4. M. Hedayat, Mokhber-ol-saltaneh, Khaterat va Khataraat (Memoirs) (Tehran: Zawar Publishers, 1363/1984) p. 408. 5. See Dr Tag hi Arrani 's Defence in the Trial of the Group of Fifty Three in Asnad-e Jonbesh-e Kargari, Social Demokracy va Kommunisti-ye Iran (Historical Documents: The Workers', Social Democratic and Communist Movement in Iran), (Florence, Edition Mazdak, 1970) p. 154. 6. Nahid, Zanan-eiranDar. .. , p. 113. 7. Ostadmalek, Hejab va Kashf-e. .. , 112-24. 8. Ibid. 9. Bamdad, From Darkness... , pp. 93-4. 10. In this letter, Dowlatabadi complains that a speaker, Mohit Tabataba'i, in his talk about women and literature in Iran, had criticized the Women's Centre for not having organized a commemoration for the female poet, Parvin Etesami. Dowlatabadi explains that this failure was because the Minister had, on previous occasions, refused to grant per­ mission with the excuse that 'the Centre has been designated for national celebrations, happy events and for hosting the Royal prin­ cesses'. See Majmoueh-ye Maghalat va Ashaar Beh Yad bood-e Avalin Salrooz Marg-e Parvin Etesami (The Collection of Articles and Poems in Com­ memoration of First Anniversary of Parvin Etesami's Death (Tehran: Abolfath Etesarni, Seventh Edition, 2535/1977) pp.