Mycoremediation Applications for Stormwater Management Design Challenge: Airport Environmental Interactions; Innovative methods for stormwater management at airports Team Members (All Undergraduate): Gray Bender, Austin Bennett, Kevin Cooper, Melanie Dickison, Leopold Kisielinski, Erica Wiener University: University of Colorado, Boulder Advisor: Christopher Corwin, PhD Table of Contents Executive Summary ........................................................................................................................ 4 1.0 Problem Statement and Background .................................................................................... 5 2.0 Problem Solving and Design Approach ............................................................................... 7 3.0 Summaries of Literature Review ......................................................................................... 9 3.1 Bioretention ...................................................................................................................... 9 3.1.1 Background ................................................................................................................... 9 3.1.2 Case Studies ................................................................................................................ 11 3.2 Chemical Addition ......................................................................................................... 15 3.2.1 Background ................................................................................................................. 15 3.2.2 Case Studies ................................................................................................................ 17 3.3 Mycoremediation ........................................................................................................... 18 3.3.1 Background ................................................................................................................. 18 3.3.2 Case Studies ................................................................................................................ 19 4.0 Safety Risk Assessment and Regulatory Evaluation ......................................................... 21 5.0 Technical Description ........................................................................................................ 22 5.1 Bench-Scale Treatability Study ...................................................................................... 22 5.1.1 Substrates .................................................................................................................... 23 5.1.2 Filter Preparation ........................................................................................................ 24 5.2 Pilot-Scale Test .............................................................................................................. 26 5.3 Monitoring ...................................................................................................................... 27 5.4 Maintenance ................................................................................................................... 28 6.0 Airport Interactions ............................................................................................................ 29 7.0 Immediate Impacts ............................................................................................................. 29 7.1 Financial Analysis .......................................................................................................... 29 8.0 Future Impacts ................................................................................................................... 31 8.1 Commercial Potential ..................................................................................................... 31 8.1.1 Airplane Fuel .............................................................................................................. 31 8.1.2 Airplane Deicing Fluid ............................................................................................... 32 8.1.3 Assisting Revegetation ............................................................................................... 33 8.2 Social/Environmental Impacts ....................................................................................... 33 i 9.0 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 34 Appendix A: Team Contact Information .................................................................................... A-1 Team Members ....................................................................................................................... A-1 Advisor .................................................................................................................................... A-2 Appendix B: Description of University ...................................................................................... B-1 Appendix C: Description of Non-University Partners ................................................................ C-1 DIA ......................................................................................................................................... C-1 Fungi Perfecti .......................................................................................................................... C-1 Marc Beutel ............................................................................................................................. C-1 Appendix D: Sign-Off Forms ..................................................................................................... D-1 Appendix E: Evaluation of Educational Experience ................................................................... E-1 Students .................................................................................................................................... E-1 Faculty...................................................................................................................................... E-3 Appendix F: References ............................................................................................................... F-1 List of Figures Figure 1: View of Pond 927/Outfall A. .......................................................................................... 6 Figure 2: Photo of concrete cutting on a runway. ........................................................................... 7 Figure 3: Cost versus MCDA Score for each alternative. .............................................................. 9 Figure 4: Cross-sectional diagram of a detention system. ........................................................... 11 Figure 5: Concentration changes from inflow to outflow of specific pollutants. ......................... 12 Figure 6: Graph of bypass volume vs amount of rainfall for each precipitation event. ............... 13 Figure 7: Warm condition data compared to cold conditions ...................................................... 14 Figure 8: Concentrations changes from inflow to outflow of specific pollutants ........................ 15 Figure 9: Standard bubbler system. .............................................................................................. 16 Figure 10: A proposed pathway for the degradation of lignin using MnP. ................................. 19 Figure 11: Results of resiliency testing ......................................................................................... 23 Figure 12: Picture of visible mycelium within the mycofilter bucket. ......................................... 25 ii List of Tables Table 1: MCDA template used to rate alternatives. ........................................................................ 8 Table 2: Specific pollutants and the removal mechanisms ........................................................... 10 Table 3: pH measurements for different substrates ...................................................................... 20 Table 4: Different substrate combinations in the 2012 study. ...................................................... 23 Table 5: Proposed fungal species and substrate combinations for the bench-scale study ............ 24 Table 6: Bench-Scale Study Outcomes......................................................................................... 26 Table 7: Cost of Mycoremediation ............................................................................................... 30 Abbreviations ACRP – Airport Cooperative Research Program ADF – Aircraft Deicing Fluid BMP – Best Management Practice CDPHE – Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment DIA – Denver International Airport EMS – Environmental Management System EPA – Environmental Protection Agency LiP – Lignin Peroxidase MCDA – Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis MnP – Manganese Peroxidase NPDES – National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Stormwater Program PAH – Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons PCB – Polychlorinated Biphenyls SMS – Spent Mushroom Substrate SSC – Suspended Sediment Concentration S3 – Sustainable Stormwater Solutions SWMP – Stormwater Management Plan TPH – Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons TSS – Total Suspended Solids TWG – Targeted Watershed Grant WSU – Washington State University iii Executive Summary Sustainable Stormwater Solutions (S3) is a group of six undergraduate engineering students from the University of Colorado, Boulder. In order to participate in the Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) University