Notes Chapter 1: Society and Power in Japan 1. Chi Nakane, Japanese Society (Harmondsworth, Middx: Penguin Books, 1973) p.24. Chapter 2: The Liberal Democratic Party I. Norman Macrae, 'Must Japan Slow?', Economist, 23 Feb. 1980. 2. Liberal Star, to March 1987. 3. Haruhiro Fukui, Party in Power (Berkeley, Cal.: University of California Press, 1970) p. 74. 4. Asahi Shimbun, 17 Jan. 1990. 5. Mainichi Daily News, 7 Jan. 1989. 6. Siiddeutsche Zeitung, 17 Dec. 1983; Der Spiegel, 26 Dec. 1983. 7. Economist, 24 Oct. 1987. 8. Asahi Evening News, I Oct. 1987. Chapter 3: Political Careers 1. Gerald L. Curtis, Election Campaigning Japanese Style (New York: Columbia University Press, 1971). 2. Daily Yomiuri, 8 Nov. 1989. 3. The Financial Times, 14 Feb. 1990. 4. Far Eastern Economic Review, 9 March 1989. 5. Ibid. 6. Asahi Evening News, 20 April 1989. 7. Mainichi Shimbun, 26 Nov. 1989. 8. The Japan Times, 13 July 1989 (figures provided by the Secretariat of the House of Representatives). 9. Asahi Evening News, 20 April 1989 and 21 April 1989. 10. Asahi Evening News, 2 June 1989. 11. Mainichi Daily News, 17 Feb.-22 March 1989. '2. At Japan Political Studies Seminar, Tokyo, 19 April 1990. 13. Mainichi Daily News, 17 Feb. 1989. 14. Mainichi Daily News, 18 Feb. 1989. 15. Japan Times, 20 Dec. 1990. 16. Mainichi Daily News, 20 Feb. 1989. 17. Mainichi Daily News, 21 Feb. 1989. 18. AERA Magazine, 6 Sept. 1988. 19. At Japan Political Studies Seminar, Tokyo, 19 April 1990. 20. Asahi Evening News, 21 April 1989. 21. At Japan Political Studies Seminar, Tokyo, 5 Sep. 1989. 22. Cornelia Meyer, in Nagatacho Focus (UBS Philips & Drew) no. 2, 21 April 1991. 282 Notes 283 23. Helmut Schmidt, however, appears convinced that Takeo Fukuda belongs to the peaceloving left wing of the LOP: Helmut Schmidt, Menschen und Miichte (Berlin: Siedler Verlag, 1987) pp. 423 and 432. 24. The Deai of March 1989 and January 1989. 25. Mainichi Daily News, 8 June 1989. 26. Provided by Mr Hori's parliamentary office, 1990. 27. Provided by Mr Ozawa's parliamentary office, 1990. 28. Provided by Mr Kato's parliamentary office, 1990. 29. The biographical data are mostly taken from: Seizaburo Sato, Kenichi Koyama and Shumpei Kumon, Postwar Politician: The Life of Former Prime Minister Masayoshi Ohira (Tokyo: Kodansha, 1990). 30. Ibid., p. 400. 31. Ibid., p. 524 32. Japan Times, 22 Feb. 1979. 33. Financial Times, 8 July 1986. 34. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Yasuhiro Nakasone, Official Government Bulle- tin, May 1986, pp. 9-10. 35. The Economist, 5 April 1986. 36. Japan Times, 21 Feb. 1984. 37. Japan Times, 2 June 1987. 38. Japan Times, 3 June 1987. Chapter 4: Legitimacy Crises 1. At Japan Political Studies Seminar, Tokyo, 26 Oct. 1988. 2. See also Bernd Reddies, Der Recruit Skandal in Japan (Tokyo: OAG Aktuell, 1989). 3. Asahi Evening News, 24 May 1989. 4. David E. Kaplan and Alec Dubro, Yakuza: The Explosive Account of Japan's Criminal Underworld (London: Macdonald, 1987). 5. Mainichi Daily News, 18 Sept. 1991. 6. Japan Times, 26 Feb. 1988. 7. Asahi Shimbun, 10 April 1990. 8. At Japan Political Studies Seminar, Tokyo, 3 July 1991. Chapter 5: The Civil Service System 1. Jinjiin (National Personnel Authority), Komuinhakusho (White Paper on Civil Servants) (Tokyo: Ogurasho Ensatsu Kyoku, 1988) pp. 157-8. 2. B. C. Koh, Japan's Administrative Elite (Berkeley, Cal.: University of Cali- fornia Press, 1989) p. 92. 3. Nihon Keizai Shimbun, 7 Aug. 1990. 4. Koh, Japan's Administrative Elite, p. 223. 5. National Personnel Authority, Outline of National Personnel Authority and Civil Service System (Tokyo, 1988) p. 30. 6. For the first four persons: Japan Economic Journal, 15 April 1989; for the rest: my own data collection. 7. The Economist, 23 June 1990. 8. Koh, Japan's Administrative Elite, p. 241. 284 Notes Chapter 6: Government Operations I. The Financial Times, 19 June 1985. 2. Japan Foundation Newsletter, October 1989, p. 6. 3. In Kiyoaki Tsuji, Public Administration in Japan (Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press, 1984), p. 33. 4. Chalmers Johnson, MITl and the Japanese Miracle (Stanford, Cal.: University of Stanford Press, 1982) p. 29. 5. See Albrecht Rothacher, 'The Difficulties of Donor Aid Co-operation: the Case of Japan and the European Community', in United Nations University (ed.), Development and ODA: Japan-ASEAN Forum, November /990 (Tokyo: UNU, 1991) pp. 170-2. 6. See also Yung H. Park, Bureaucrats and Ministries in Contemporary Japanese Government (Berkeley, Cal.: University of California Press, 1986). 7. Albrecht Rothacher, Japan's Agro Food Sector (London: Macmillan, 1989) p. 108. 8. See Management and Co-ordination Agency, Organization of the Government of Japan (Tokyo, 1986) p. 28. 9. Data taken from Seikai, Kancho, Jinjiroku (Personal Records of the Political World and Government Administration) (Tokyo: Toyo Keizai Shimposha, 1989 Handbook). 10. AMA, 'Administrative Inspection', in Kiyoaki Tsuji (ed.), Public Administra­ tion in Japan (Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press 1984) pp. 173-83, esp. p. 176. II. Yasuo Maeda, 'The State Audit System', in Tsuji (ed.) Public Administration in Japan, pp. 185-202, esp. p. 186. 12. For an example, see Albrecht Rothacher, Economic Diplomacy between the European Community and Japan, /959-/98/ (Aldershot: Gower, 1983) p.293. 13. Japan Economic Journal, 16 Feb. 1991. Chapter 7: Elite Civil Servants I. Tsusan Journal, August 1988, pp. 6-9. 2. Provided by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1991. 3. Ibid., 1990. 4. MIT/ Handbook (Tokyo, 1990). 5. Provided by the Ministry of Finance, 1989. 6. Provided by the Ministry of Labor, 1991. 7. Provided by Suntory Ltd, 1988. Chapter 8: The Keiretsu Business Conglomerates I. Source: Toyo Keizai 2. John G. Roberts, Mitsui: Three Centuries ofJapanese Business, 2nd edn (New Yorktfokyo: WeatherhiJI, 1989) p. 3. 3. See Yasuo Mishima, The Mitsubishi: Its Challenge and Strategy (Greenwich, Conn.lLondon: JAI Press, 1989). 4. Roberts, Mitsui, p. 384. 5. Ibid., pp. 311-15. Notes 285 6. Kazuo Shibagaki, 'Dissolution of Zaibatsu and Deconcentration of Economic Power', Annals of the Institute of Social Science, University of Tokyo, no. 20, 1979, pp. 1-60, esp. p. 53. 7. Ibid., p. 44. 8. Ibid., p. 50. 9. Dodwell Marketing Consultants, Industrial Groupings in Japan (Tokyo: Dodwell, 1984-5) p. 6. 10. Source: Japan Company Handbook, Section I (Tokyo: 1991). II. The Financial Times, 22 May 1990. 12. DodwelI, Industrial Groupings, p. II. 13. Oriental Economist, December 1980, p. 10. 14. Nihon Keizai Shimbun, 13 April 1990. 15. Oriental Economist, May 1981, p. 20. 17. Ibid. 18. Far Eastern Economic Review, 14 Sept. 1989. 19. Oriental Economist, October 1981, p. 19. 20. Ibid., p. 19. 21. Oriental Economist, February 1982, p. 24. 22. Oriental Economist, April 1982, p. 14. 23. Ibid., p. 19. 24. Oriental Economist, September 1982, p. 14. 25. Ibid., p. 16. 26. Tokyu Corporation, Annual Report 1990, p. 14. 27. Japan Times, 5 June 1991. 28. Keidanren, The Significance of the SII Talks and Directions for the Future', 14 May 1991, Typescript. 29. Robert Lawrence, Efficient or Exclusionist? The Import Behaviour ofJapanese Corporate Groups, Brookings Papers, 1991, vol. I. 30. James C. Abegglen, and George Stalk, Kaisha: The Japanese Corporation (Tokyo: Charles E. Tuttle, 1987) pp. 185-6. 31. Oriental Economist, October 1981, pp. 18-19. 32. See Kiyoshi Kojima and Terutomo Ozawa, Japan's General Trading Compa­ nies: Merchants of Economic Development (Paris: OECD Development Center Studies, 1984) pp. 28 and 48-50. 33. The Financial Times, 12 May 1986. 34. The Financial Times, 29 May 1985. Chapter 9: Zailwi - the Organisation of Big Business Interests I. Chitoshi Yanaga, Big Business in Japanese Politics (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1968) p. 32. 2. Yonosuke Tanaka, 'The World of the Zaikai', in H. Murakami and 1. Hirshmeier (eds), Politics and Economics in Contemporary Japan (Tokyo: Japan Culture Institute, 1979) pp. 64--78, esp. p. 68. 3. Daily Yomiuri, 30 May 1988 and 19 March 1990. 4. Nihon Keizai Shimbun, 26 Sept. 1990. 5. Economic Eye, Spring 1990, p. 20. 6. Keidanren Review, no. 125, 1990, p. 4. 7. Journal of Japanese Trade and Industry, no. I, 1985, pp. 56-8. 286 Notes 8. Daily Yomiuri, 4 June 1990. 9. Daily Yomiuri, 28 April 1991. 10. See Keizai Koho Center, KKC Brief, no. 59, Aug. 1990. 11. Japan Times, 4 April 1991. 12. Keizai Koho Center, KKC Brief, no. 55, June 1990. 13. Japan Times, 15 May 1991. 14. Eiji Suzuki, in Nikkeiren, Toward Sound Growth: Report of the Committeefor the Study of Labour Questions (Tokyo, 1990) p. I. IS. Nikkeiren, Japan's Federation of Employers' Associations (Tokyo, .1982) p. 3. 16. Ibid. 17. Nikkeiren, Current Labour Economy in Japan (Tokyo, 1990) p. 10. 18. Ibid. 19. Ibid., p. 12. 20. Nikkeiren, Toward Sound Growth, p. 12. 21. Sankei Shimbun, 15 May 1991. 22. Japan Times, 21 Dec. 1987. 23. Japan Times, I July 1991. 24. Asahi Shimbun, 20 March 1991. 25. Japan Times, 1 July 1991. 26. Asahi Shimbun, 13 May 1991. 27. Daily Yomiuri, 25 May 1991. Chapter 10: Executive Careers I. Mainichi Daily News, 20 Oct. 1988. 2. For Toyota's case, see Far Eastern Economic Review, 17 Aug. 1989. 3. Karin Bogart, 'Employment Practices in Japan: the Social and Industrial Background', in EC Commission (ed.), Working the Japanese Way: Japanese Employment Practices at Home and in Europe (Brussels, 1989) pp. 5-25, esp p.8. 4. JETRO, Japanese Corporate Decision Making, Business Information Series 9 (Tokyo, 1982) p. 10. 5. Japan Times, 11-16 April 1979. 6. Ken Moroi, 'Designing a Management System for the Next Century', Eco- nomic Eye, Spring 1991, pp. 29-31. 7. Provided by Mitsui Bussan, 1990.