Research Report International Collaborative Research PROMOTING INDONESIAN ISLAM: THE ROLE OF ISLAMIC ORGANISATIONS AMONG INDONESIAN DIASPORA IN WESTERN COUNTRIES Submitted by: Dr. Dzuriyatun Toyibah (UIN Jakarta) Eva Mushoffa MA (UIN Jakarta) Prof. Dr Zulkifli (UIN Jakarta) Kevin W. Fogg, Ph.D (University of Oxford) PUSAT PENELITIAN DAN PENERBITAN (PUSLITPEN) LP2M UIN SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA 2017 1 Contents CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 4 ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................................... 4 RESEARCH BACKGROUND ......................................................................................................... 4 AIMS OF STUDY ............................................................................................................................ 6 SIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCH ................................................................................................... 7 LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................................................. 8 RESEARCH METHODS ............................................................................................................... 10 COMMUNICATION OF RESEARCH (PUBLICATION) ............................................................ 12 CHAPTER TWO: DIASPORA, GLOBALISATION AND MUSLIMS IN THE WESTERN COUNTRIES ...................................................................................................................................... 13 DIASPORA: A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK .......................................................................... 13 DIASPORA IN THE WAKE OF GLOBALIZATION AND MIGRATION .................................. 17 GLOBAL DIASPORA AND MUSLIM COMMUNITIES IN THE WESTERN CONTEXT ........ 18 CHAPTER 3: HISTORY AND CONTEMPORARY INDONESIAN ISLAM ................................. 25 THE HISTORY OF INDONESIAN ISLAM .................................................................................. 25 CHARACTERISTICS OF INDONESIAN ISLAM FROM A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ..... 27 Adoption of previous tradition to spread Islam ........................................................................... 27 Establishment of Islamic Based Organization ............................................................................. 33 CHARACTERISTICS OF INDONESIAN ISLAM FROM THEOLOGICAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVES ............................................................................................ 38 CONTEMPORARY INDONESIAN ISLAM ................................................................................. 43 RISING ISLAMISM AND RADICALISM IN RELATION TO INDONESIAN ISLAM ............. 49 INDONESIAN ISLAM AS A FOREIGN POLICY FEATURE ..................................................... 51 CHAPTER 4: ISLAMIC BASED ORGANIZATONS AND THE INDONESIAN MUSLIM COMMUNITY IN THE NETHERLANDS ........................................................................................ 53 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 53 LIST AND PROFILE OF ISLAMIC BASED ORGANIZATIONS RUN BY INDONESIAN MUSLIM COMMUNITIES IN THE NETHERLAND .................................................................. 53 PERSATUAN PEMUDA MUSLIM EROPA (PPME) ............................................................... 53 KID (Keluarga Islam Delft) ........................................................................................................ 64 PCI MUHAMMADIYYAH......................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. PCI NAHDLATUL ULAMA ..................................................................................................... 76 INDONESIAN ISLAM IN THE NETHERLAND ......................................................................... 84 2 CHAPTER 5: ISLAMIC BASED ORGANIZATONS AND THE INDONESIAN MUSLIM COMMUNITY IN THE UNITED KINGDOM .................................................................................. 95 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 95 LOCAL ORGANIZATIONS .......................................................................................................... 96 NATIONWIDE ORGANIZATIONS.............................................................................................. 99 KIBAR [Keluarga Islam Indonesia di Britania Raya] ................................................................. 99 Indonesian Islamic Centre (IIC) - London ................................................................................ 102 UK BRANCHES OF INDONESIAN ORGANIZATIONS .......................................................... 104 PCI NU UK............................................................................................................................... 105 PCI Muhammadiyah UK .......................................................................................................... 107 THE ROLE OF THE INDONESIAN GOVERNMENT ............................................................... 113 ANALYSIS: CHARACTERISTICS OF INDONESIAN ISLAMIC-BASED ORGANIZATIONS IN THE UK .................................................................................................................................. 117 CHAPTER 6: PROMOTING INDONESIAN ISLAM AMONG THE MUSLIM COMMUNITY: A SURVEY OF INDONESIAN ISLAM IN THE NETHERLANDS .................................................. 121 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 121 MEASUREMENT OF INDONESIAN ISLAM............................................................................ 121 SURVEY METHOD .................................................................................................................... 126 DISTRIBUTION OF SAMPLE .................................................................................................... 126 Based on Gender and Age ......................................................................................................... 126 Based on Educational Background and the Reasons for living in Overseas .............................. 127 Based on Reasons Being in Overseas ........................................................................................ 127 Based on City Where the Respondent are Living ...................................................................... 128 Based on Length of Living Overseas ........................................................................................ 129 Based on Cities of Origin .......................................................................................................... 129 Based on Marital Status and Number of Family ....................................................................... 131 RITUAL ISLAM .......................................................................................................................... 132 INDONESIA NATIONALISM AND ISLAM.............................................................................. 144 ISLAMISM ...................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. DEMOKRASI DAN PLURALISME .............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. HUBUNGAN DENGAN ORGANISASI ........................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. NU dan Muhammadiyah .............................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Organisasi lain ............................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. CHAPTER 7: CONCLUSIONS ....................................................................................................... 144 3 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ABSTRACT Although mass Islamic organizations are a major focus of scholarship on religion in Indonesia, very few have considered how these organizations function in the Indonesian diaspora to promote Indonesian Islam, beyond the country‘s borders. This is also in keeping with the scant consideration of the Indonesian diaspora generally, especially when compared with regional neighbors like the Philippines or Vietnam. This study in addition to mapping some of the activities and profile of Indonesian mass organizations overseas, also discusses the way in which these diaspora groups are able to influence Islamic organizational life back in Indonesia. RESEARCH BACKGROUND Muslims have been negatively stereotyped in the West as irrational, backward, uncivilized, corrupt, and oppressive, etc. Additionally, Islam as a religion is decried as incompatible with human rights and democracy because of phenomena such as inhumane punishment, female genital mutilation, honor killings, terrorism, etc. These harmful misunderstandings are compounded for Muslims in the West, usually immigrants who brought ―strange‖ cultures from their home countries and a ―threatening‖ religion. In Europe and elsewhere, Islam is perceived as an obstacle to the integration of Muslim immigrants.1 These misperceptions, based on ignorance of Islam, anti-Islamic propaganda, and secular 1 See, for example, the Casey Report, commissioned by the government of the United Kingdom and completed in December 2016, which was intended to focus on opportunity