THE FREEDOM UMZABALAZO STRUGGLE WENKULULEKO An exhibition on the struggle for Umbukiso omayelana nokungalingani racial equality in the KwaZulu- ngokobuzwe Maphakathi Natal Midlands nesifundazwe saKwaZulu-Natal Peter Croeser Peter Croeser Text compiled and written for a permanent Lombhalo obhalwe wadidiyelwa ndawonye exhibition of the same name at the KwaZulu- wenzelwa umbukiso ozohlala unomphelo Natal Museum, Pietermaritzburg, opened on nonegama elifanayo kwisigcinamagugu 26 September 2013. eKwaZulu-Natal Museum, eMgungundlovu, nowavulwa mhla ka-26 kuMandulo 2013. Published by the KwaZulu-Natal Museum in association with the Natal Society Foundation. PIETERMARITZBURG 2016 The Freedom Struggle: An exhibition on the struggle for racial equality in the KwaZulu-Natal Midlands. Text compiled and written by Peter Croeser © 2016 for a permanent exhibition of the same name at the KwaZulu-Natal Museum, Pietermaritzburg. Published in Pietermaritzburg by the KwaZulu-Natal Museum, Pietermaritzburg, in association with the Trustees of the Natal Society Foundation © 2016, Pietermaritzburg. The printing costs of this book were financed with a grant from the National Lottery Distribution Trust Fund and publishing costs with a grant from the Trustees of the Natal Society Foundation. ISBN: 978-0-9921766-5-5 Editing: Christopher Merrett Zulu translation: Ntobeko Gumede, Mthokozisi Phungula and Audrey Ndaba Zulu editor: Mary Gordon (African Languages, School of Arts, University of KwaZulu-Natal) Design, layout and assistance with sourcing further illustrations: Jo Marwick Illustrations: Additional sources of illustrations are acknowledged at the back of the book Printing: Pinetown Printers Umzabalazo weNkululeko: Umbukiso omayelana nokungalingani ngokobuzwe Maphakathi nesifundazwe saKwaZulu-Natal. Lombhalo ubhalwe wadidiyelwa nguPeter Croeser ngo-2016 ewenzela umbukiso uzohlala unomphelo nonegama elifanayo kwisigcinimagugu, eKwaZulu-Natal Museum, eMgungundlovu. Washicilelwa eMgungundlovu iKwaZulu-Natal Museum ngokuhlanganyela namalungu esiGungu senhlangano iNatal Society Foundation, eMgungundlovu ngo-2016. Izindleko zokuprinta zazixhaswe ngemali yesibonelelo sesikhwama seNational Lottery Distrubution Trust Fund kwathi ukushicilelwa kwayo kwaba isibonelelo semali evela kwisiGungu seNatal Society Foundation. ISBN: 978-0-9921766-5-5 Ukuhlela: Christopher Merrett Ukuhumushela esiZulwini: Ntobeko Gumede, Mthokozisi Phungula and Audrey Ndaba Umhleli wesiZulu: Mary Gordon (African Languages, School of Arts, University of KwaZulu-Natal) Ukudizayina, ukuhlelwa kahle kanye nokwelekelela ukuthola eminye imifanekiso: Jo Marwick Imifanekiso: Eminye imithombo okutholakale kuyo imifanekiso ilotshiwe ngemuva encwadini Ukushicilela: Pinetown Printers CONTENTS OKUQUKETHWE Acknowledgements ................................................ v Amazwi okubonga ............................................................ v Examples of freedom struggles in world history ... x Izibonelo ngomlando wokuzabalazela inkululeko emhlabeni .......................................................................... x The peopling of the interior of KwaZulu-Natal Abantu abazinze kwingaphakathi leKwaZulu-Natal • San hunter gatherers 20 000 BC ...................... 2 • Umbuthano wabazingeli baBathwa ............................. 2 • Early African farmers ...................................... 3 • Abalimi bokuqala e-Afrika .......................................... 3 • Voortrekker farmers arrive ............................... 4 • Ukufika kwabalimi abangabacabi ................................ 4 • The British arrive ............................................. 7 • Ukufika kwamaNgisi ................................................... 7 • Griqua trekkers arrive ...................................... 9 • Abahambi bamaGrikhwa bafikela ............................... 9 • Mountain raiders .............................................. 10 • Abahlaseli basezintabeni ............................................. 10 • Colenso ............................................................ 12 • UColenso ..................................................................... 12 • Shepstone ......................................................... 14 • UShepstone ................................................................... 14 • Shepstone and Cetshwayo ............................... 16 • UShepstone noCetshwayo ............................................ 16 Seeds of resistance – War and dissension in Imbewu yomzabalazo - Izimpi kanye nokwahlukana colonial Natal ngesikhathi sombuso wamaKoloni eNatal • Langalibalele and the Hlubi rebellion .............. 17 • ULangalibalele kanye namavukela mbuso amahlubi ... 17 • Anglo-Zulu War ............................................... 20 • Impi yamaNgisi namaZulu ngonyaka .......................... 20 • The two Anglo-Boer Wars ............................... 23 • Izimpi ezimbili phakathi kwamaNgisi namaBhunu .... 23 • Ukuvukela umbuso kwamaZulu ngentela yekhanda ... 28 • The Zulu poll tax rebellion .............................. 28 • Amakholwa aseYideni ................................................. 36 • The Kholwa of Edendale ................................. 36 • OMsimang baseYideni ................................................. 49 • The Msimangs of Edendale ............................. 49 Ukwahlukaniswa kwabantu ngaphambi kokufika Segregation before apartheid – Union of kobandlululo – Union of South Africa South Africa • Ukuhlanganyela kweNingizimu Afrika ....................... 54 • Union of South Africa ...................................... 54 • Sikhumbula UGandhi .................................................. 57 • Remembering Gandhi ...................................... 57 • Umthetho womhlaba wango-1913 kanye • 1913 Land Act and 1923 Urban Areas Act ...... 61 nowezindawo zamadolobha wango-1923 .................... 61 • Birth of trade unions ........................................ 63 • Ukuzalwa kwezinyunyana zabasebenzi ....................... 63 • ANC – the early years ...................................... 65 • Iminyaka yokuqala ye-ANC ........................................ 65 • Sobantu ............................................................ 70 • ISobantu ....................................................................... 70 • Loyal in the face of war ................................... 74 • Ukwethembeka ngesikhathi sempi .............................. 74 • National Party comes to power ........................ 76 • Ukuthatha izintambo zombuso kwenhlangano yeNational Party .......................................................... 76 Apartheid South Africa as Afrikaner nationalism takes power Ubandlululo eNingizimu Afrika njengoba amaBhunu • Segregation laws .............................................. 80 ethatha izintambo zombuso • Forced removals ............................................... 85 • Imithetho ehlukanisa abantu ........................................ 80 • Unequal education ........................................... 90 • Ukususwa kwabantu .................................................... 85 • Ukungalingani kwezemfundo ...................................... 90 • Defiance Campaign .......................................... 95 • Umkhankaso wobujaka/wokuphikisana ...................... 95 • The Freedom Charter ....................................... 99 • Usomqulu Wenkululeko ............................................... 99 The disenfranchised majority fights back Iningi labantu abaphucwa ivoti bayaziphindiselela • Bannings, detentions and banishment .............. 107 • Ukunqatshelwa kanye nokuBoshwa ............................ 107 • The Treason Trials ........................................... 112 • Amacala okuvukela umbuso ........................................ 112 • Sobukwe, PAC and Sharpeville ....................... 115 • uSobukwe, iPAC kanye nesibhicongo saseSharpeville ... 115 • Nelson Mandela arrest at Lions River ............. 118 • Ukuboshwa kukaMandela elions River ....................... 118 iii • Steve Biko and Black Consciousness .............. 121 • uSteve Biko neBlack Consciousness ....................... 121 • Birth of AZAPO and UDF ............................... 122 • Ukusungulwa kwe-AZAPO ne-UdF ........................ 122 • AZAPO and COSAS ....................................... 124 • i-AZAPO neCOSAS ................................................ 124 • The Struggle deepens ........................................ 124 • Umzabalazo washuba kakhulu ................................. 124 • Birth of mass mobilisation – UDF and the • Ukuzalwa kokuzabalaza ngokuhlanganyela – i-UdF nezinhlaka zentsha ................................................... 126 youth structures ................................................ 126 • Ukusungulwa kwe-COSATU ................................... 128 • COSATU born ................................................. 128 • Isiteleka sango-1985 eBTR SARMCOL ................. 129 • BTR SARMCOL strike of 1985 ...................... 129 • Ukhukhulela ngoqo wesiteleka sokuhlala • 1987 May Day mass stayaway ........................ 131 emakhaya iMay day ngo-1987 .................................. 131 Violence in the Midlands Udlame Maphakathi nesifundazwe saKwaZulu-Natal • The 1988 Trust Feed massacre ........................ 135 • Isibhicongo esenzeka ngo-1998 eTrust Feeds .......... 135 • The KZN Midlands Seven Day War ................ 136 • Imaphakathi ye-KZN “Impi Yezinsuku • Numbering the Dead 1992 ............................... 139 Eziyisikhombisa”