The mystery of the dark Universe Vahagn Gurzadyan Center for Cosmology and Astrophysics Main content of the Universe Views before 2000 stars astronomia After 2000 stars 0.5 % The Universe is dark! The content of the Universe PLANCK mission, 2015 The evolution of the content of the Universe Albert Einstein (1879-1955) 1916 General Relativity: Riemannian geometry Metric: 1917 cosmology: static model Cosmological constant geometry -- matter Einstein equations, 1916 Cosmological constant, 1917 Einstein (1930): “My biggest blunder“. Theoretical predictions of the expanding Universe Solutions of Einstein equations Alexander Friedmann 1922 Georges Lemaitre 1927 Edwin Hubble Hubble diagram 1929 Hubble law v = H D Hubble constant H=67 (km/s)/Mpc; (1pc=3 10^16 m) Planck mission 2015 Lemaitre 1927 Hubble 1929 Lemaitre-Hubble law (?) Hubble diagram for supernovae Big Bang 1946-1950 Universe was hot and dense Nucleosynthesis, light elements, He-4, D, He-3, Li-7; George Gamow ~10 sec - 20 min Predicted the cosmic microwave background radiation Gamow 1928, α-decay, quantum tunnel effect 1946-1950, Big Bang, cosmic nucleosynthesis 1950s, DNA coding via nucleotides (adenine, cytosine, thymine, guanine) Discovery of the Cosmic microwave background radiation Penzias, Wilson, 1965 nature: Dicke et al 1965 A. McKellar 1941 É. Le Roux 1955 The Nobel Prize in Physics Տիգրան Շմաոնով 1957 1978 Amplitude: 3.355 ± 0.008 mK V = 369 ± 0.9 kms−1 (ℓ, b) = (263◦ ± 0.14◦,48◦ ± 0.03◦), 1977 Energy spectrum of the cosmic microwave background: Planckian (black body) PLANCK, 2015 70 GHz, temperature map BOOMERanG, 1998, 2003 Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP), 2001 PLANCK, 2009 Some parameters of the Universe Age - 13.8 Gyr curvature ≈ 0 ; flat Baryon matter - 4 % Dark energy - 69 % Dark matter - 27 % Cosmic microwave background - 380,000 after BB First stars - 200 mln years after BB Large scale survey of galaxies (136,304), voids. CMB Cold Spot, WMAP, Vielva et al 2004 l = 207.8°, b= −56.3°, 70 µK depth The Cold Spot, a non-Gaussian anomaly "the largest individual structure ever identified by humanity". High precision tests of General Relativity in space Lense-Thirring effect, 1918 Shift of satellite’s orbital plane in the field of rotating massive body (Earth) LAGEOS, LAGEOS-2, 10% LARES (LAser Relativity Satellite, ASI, ESA) Testing: 1% accuracy Launch: February 13, 2012, Kourou, French Guiana Light speed isotropy and Lorentz invariance violation test Inverse Compton scattering of 6 GeV electrons on laser monochromatic photons European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (GRAAL) in Grenoble ∆c/c < 1.0 10^(-14) current limit Dark energy - positive Ʌ 2nd law of thermodynamics Sir Roger Penrose Conformal cosmology Penrose tiling Quasi-crystals The mystery of the dark Universe is waiting its solution.