Placeholder for donor or partner logo Yearbook on Illegal Migration, Human Smuggling and Trafficking in Central and Eastern Europe A Survey and Analysis of Border Management and Border Apprehension Data from 2010 With a Special Module on the Detention of Migrants and Asylum Seekers Yearbook on Illegal Migration, Human Smuggling and Trafficking in Central and Eastern Europe A Survey and Analysis of Border Management and Border Apprehension Data from 2010 With a Special Module on the Detention of Migrants and Asylum Seekers International Centre for Migration Policy Development, Vienna 2013 Page 2 2010 Yearbook on Illegal Migration, Human Smuggling and Trafficking in Central and Eastern Europe, International Centre for Migration Policy Development, Vienna, 2013 This publication was prepared with the help of the border and migration services of the states covered. The names of the co-operating authorities are listed at the end of each country chapter. We are very grateful for their co- operation and commitment in answering a long and detailed questionnaire. The yearbook is a result of joint co-operation by ICMPD staff. The Yearbook relies on the structure of previous editions, edited by Peter Futo, Michael Jandl and Thomas Tass. The contents of this publication reflect the information given by the respondents who took part in the survey. ICMPD does not guarantee, either expressed or implied, the accuracy, completeness, reliability or suitability of the information. International Centre for Migration Policy Development (ICMPD) Gonzagagasse 1 A-1010 Vienna Austria www.icmpd.org © International Centre for Migration Policy Development 2013 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission of the copyright owners. Country maps and the figures for country areas and country populations were taken from the World Factbook, published by the Central Intelligence Agency, Washington D.C. (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/). Page 3 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 5 IRREGULAR MIGRATION IN CEE IN 2010 – COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ...................... 6 Border apprehensions .............................................................................................. 6 Rejections at the border .......................................................................................... 14 Deportation and return ............................................................................................ 15 Human Smuggling .................................................................................................. 16 Trafficking in Human Beings ................................................................................... 18 Detention ................................................................................................................ 20 COUNTRY CHAPTERS ..................................................................................................... 23 Albania .................................................................................................................... 24 Armenia .................................................................................................................. 37 Azerbaijan ............................................................................................................... 40 Belarus.................................................................................................................... 45 Bosnia and Herzegovina ......................................................................................... 55 Bulgaria................................................................................................................... 64 Croatia .................................................................................................................... 79 Czech Republic ....................................................................................................... 92 Estonia .................................................................................................................. 104 The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia ....................................................... 114 Georgia ................................................................................................................. 124 Greece .................................................................................................................. 135 Hungary ................................................................................................................ 143 Kosovo (under 1244) ............................................................................................ 154 Latvia .................................................................................................................... 160 Lithuania ............................................................................................................... 173 Moldova ................................................................................................................ 185 Montenegro ........................................................................................................... 197 Poland .................................................................................................................. 210 Romania ............................................................................................................... 220 Serbia ................................................................................................................... 228 Slovakia ................................................................................................................ 240 Slovenia ................................................................................................................ 254 Turkey ................................................................................................................... 265 Ukraine ................................................................................................................. 269 QUESTIONNAIRE .............................................................................................................. 273 Page 4 Introduction This is the 14th edition of ICMPD’s Yearbook on Illegal Migration, Human Smuggling and Trafficking in Central and Eastern Europe. The yearbook gives an overview of developments in the area of irregular migration, human smuggling and trafficking in the wider Central and Eastern European region in 2010. The information provided in the yearbook was collected through a questionnaire distributed to border agencies, ministries of the interior and other national authorities dealing with issues related to irregular migration. The data is directly obtained from states’ authorities and therefore provides authentic information as reported by the contact points. The country chapters summarise the developments in each of the countries or territories. After many years of decreasing numbers of apprehensions, the overall numbers of migration-related border apprehensions increased slightly in the region in 2010. While Greece and Turkey remained the countries reporting by far the most apprehensions, considerable numbers of apprehensions were also found in Albania as well as in Hungary. Citizens from Ukraine and the Russian Federation were often among the top citizenship groups apprehended for illegal entry or stay in the region. The number of human smugglers apprehended decreased, while the number of smuggled persons increased in the region. Also, the number of victims of trafficking increased in the region. The special topic of this year’s edition is detention of asylum seekers and migrants prior to deportation. The data provided in this yearbook provides a unique overview of practices and statistics on the detention of migrants in terms of the use of detention centres, numbers of persons in detention and maximum duration allowed for detaining migrants. The yearbook aims to support fact-based discussions on irregular migration and contribute to well-informed policy decisions. I am grateful for the excellent collaboration of the authorities in the countries for the yearbook. I would also like to thank ICMPD staff members for their dedicated work. Peter Widermann Director General, ICMPD Page 5 ICMPD Yearbook 2010 Irregular Migration in CEE in 2010 – Comparative Analysis This section provides a comparative analysis of data for the years 2009 and 2010. It synthesises the data presented in the country chapters included in the Yearbook. First general statistical indicators regarding irregular migration are presented, including general apprehension data, rejections at the border and deportations of persons illegally staying in one of the countries. This section is followed by an overview on data in the areas of smuggling as well as trafficking and the comparative analysis ends with a presentation of data on detention of immigrants and asylum seekers in Central and Eastern Europe. The comparative analysis is always limited to those countries or territories that provided data on specific topics for the years under consideration. The results thus always apply only to those countries presented in the tables. Additionally, there were no detailed checks of comparability of data across countries, why