828 Broadway Class Columbia College Library Madison Av. and 49th St. New York. Beside the main topic this book also treats of Subject No. On page Subject No. On page COMPARATIVE GRAMMAR. A COMPENDIUM COMPARATIVE GRAMMAR INDO-EUROPEAN, SANSKRIT, GREEK AND LATIN LANGUAGES. AUGUST SCHLETCHEK. TRANSLATED FROM THE THIRD GERMAN EDITION BY HERBERT BENDALL, M.A. CHR. COLL. GAME. I. LONDON: TRUBNER & CO., 57 AND 59, LUDGATE HILL. 1874. All rights reserved. fl 1 j HERTFORD: PRINTED BT STEPHEN AUSTIN AND SONS. TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE. THIS book is a translation of those parts of Schleicher's 'Compendium der vergleichenden Grammatik der Indo- germanischen sprachen' which treat directly of the Indo-European original language, Sanskrit, Greek, and Latin : it was undertaken for the use of students of Greek and Latin Philology, on the suggestion of Mr. Peile, M.A., of Christ's. College, Cambridge, to whom I am indebted for several hints and corrections. My thanks are due to Herr Gustav Voigt also, for help kindly given. I shall be glad if readers will point out any mistakes in the translation. HERBERT BENDALL. LIVERPOOL COLLEGE, Oct. 1874. 99906 PEEFACE TO THE FIEST EDITION. THIS work is meant to be an elementary handbook for lectures and self-instruction. The want of such a work has been hitherto widely felt. The state of Indo- European Philology is now such that it has become possible to write a compendium of the comparative grammar of the Indo-European languages. After we have discarded that part which is still doubtful, there remains a large store of knowledge, embracing the different sides which language offers to scientific treat- ment: this knowledge will, in my opinion, stand un- shaken for all time. The chief object of a compendium of the Indo-European languages is to collect and ar- range in a short and appropriate form, and yet in an intelligible manner, these results of Indo-European Philology. "Where, however, it is impossible to 'avoid mentioning what is obscure and doubtful, it will be expressly characterized as such. It is no slight task to compose a first handbook of this kind treating of the formation of the Indo-Euro- pean languages : whether the writer of the present work has succeeded in temporarily satisfying the want, others must decide; but he begs them to take it into consideration that his book is a first essay in the direction pointed out. Vlll PREFACE. The following account of the origin of my book may to some extent at least show that I have honestly en- countered the difficulties of the task. I have been Academical Professor for fifteen years, and have lectured on Indo-European grammar from the outset out of ; partly sketching grammars particular Indo-European languages, from' a philological point of view, partly writing a grammar of the languages which collectively form a speech-stem, i.e. a so-called Com- parative Grammar. To infer from the number of hearers whom even these latter lectures attracted, and from the perseverance and attention with which I was listened to, they must have treated the subject in a manner intelligible to beginners. I have remodelled my notes more than once. It was a real pleasure to work for my hearers and pupils here: I am indebted to their encouragement and participation for the heartiness with which I undertook the complete re-arrangement of my treatise on Comparative Grammar of Indo-European languages, which I had delivered in two sets of half- yearly lectures. In these lectures on Indo-European grammar I felt the want of a printed elementary treatise, which should offer in the most appropriate way the necessary ex- amples and comparative tables. Dictating, and con- tinually writing on the black board, is wearisome both to hearers and to the lecturer. Hence the thought first occurred to me of having my paper multiplied in MS. for the use of my pupils. And from this arose by degrees what I have now completed, the composition PREFACE. IX of a compendium especially for beginners. This book is therefore my notes repeatedly revised, and this is the point of view from which I desire it to be used and criticized. It is to be understood that in my lectures I did not confine to the matter in the notes what is myself ; printed here is merely that part which I used to dic- tate. Enlargements on particular points and excursus by the way I have never denied myself. Those who make use of this compendium will perhaps take this into consideration. The attempt to reduce the compass of the book to the narrowest limits possible made it a necessity to banish from it all discussions as regards different views. Generally I have attempted, whenever I could, to arrange the facts in such a way that they carried their proofs with them : moreover, the materials are so copious that even in the lectures it is difficult to find time for a controversial statement of details. Circumstances unfortunately compelled me to finish the last preparation of the MS. for a printed compen- dium in a short time: but I hope that I have never- theless written a useful book. The design and execution of my work must speak for themselves; to discuss these points here would occupy too much space, and lengthen the compass of the pre- face to excess. AUGUST SCHLEICHEK. JENA, September, 1861. ABBEEYIATIONS. A.S. TABLE OF CONTENTS. INTRODUCTION. PAOK I. SCIENCE OF LANGUAGE 1 Grammar 1 II. CHIEF FOEMS OF LANGUAGES 2 (i.e. the arrangement of languages according to their morphology, as Monosyllabic, Confixative, and In- flexive) III. THE LITE OF A LANGUAGE 4 1. Its Development 4 2. Its Decay 4 Differentiation of Languages (Speech-stems, etc.) ... 4 IV. THE INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGES 5 1. The Asiatic group 5 2. The S.W.-European group 5 3. The N. -European group The earliest divisions of the Indo-European Language . Plan of the original separations Xll TABLE OF CONTENTS. GRAMMAR. I. PHONOLOGY. A. VOWELS. PAOB 1. INDO-EUROPEAN ORIGINAL LANGUAGE 9 Table of Sounds 9 2. Vowels 10 Examples 1. a-scale 10 2. -scale 10 3. w-scale 10 3. Vowel Sound-laws 12 4. SANSKRIT 12 Table of Sounds 13 Pronunciation of Sounds 14 5. Vowels 16 6. Examples 1. a-scale 16 Loss of a before r, l(r = ar, l=al] ... 17 Weakening: r~=ra 17 Loss before other Consonants =:, i=.ya 18 7. Weakening of a, firstly, to i and u 18 u = an, am 19 Weakening of a, secondly, to I and u (ir, ur = ar) . 19 8. Fundamental Vowel a 20 9. Step-formation of to a as root-vowel 21 Note. The roots ending in a which are usually classed with a 21 Step-formation of a in elements expressing relativity . 22 TABLE OF CONTENTS. Xlll PACK 10. 2. -scale; fundamental vowel i 22 Lengthening of i to I 22 11. First step-formation of i to e 23 Second step-formation of i to di 23 12. 3. w-scale; fundamental vowel u 24 Lengthening of u to u 24 13. First step-formation of u to o 24 Second step-formation of u to uu 24 14. Vowel Sound-laws 25 1 . Laws regulating the concourse of vowels 25 a. Contraction 25 b. Loss of a 26 c. Splitting-up of i (l} and u (u) into *y, uv . 26 d. Change into corresponding semi-vowel 26 15. 2. Vowel variations conditioned by neighbouring consonants 27 a. Lengthening of vowels before y 27 b. iy, iy=y 28 c. Contraction of yd to I (z also as product of older contractions) 28 d. Compensatory lengthening 29 e. Dulling of a to e and du 30 f. I 31 Auxiliary vowel i, 16. GEEEK. Table of Sounds 31 Their pronunciation 32 17. Vowels. Note. Ambiguity of sounds 33 18. Examples; 1. 0-scale. Loss 34 Weakening of a to t 34 Lengthening of this i to I 35 Weakening of a to v . 35 19. Fundamental vowel e = a .- 36 ; origl. o=iorigl. a 37 XIV TABLE OF CONTENTS. FAOK o beside a dialectically ........... 37 a = origl. a ., 37 a beside e 37 a = a+nasal , ... 38 38 20. Step-formations of a. First step : 1. e ...... 39 raised to o. 2. a raised to a, rj Second step, &> 40 21. 2. -scale; fundamental vowel* .......... 40 Lengthening of i to I 41 . t, ai . 22. Step-formations of First step : raised to ei, 41 Second step, t raised to ot 42 23. w-scale. Fundamental vowel v. Lengthening of v to v, 42 Note. ^ in place of v 43 v. 24. Step-formations of First step, v raised to eu, av . 43 Second step : v raised to ov 44 av, a>v, a) as second steps of v - 44 Note. Initial ov, eu = origl. va. - 45 25. Vowel Sound-laws: general 45 26 a. Insertion of t in preceding syllable in case of termina- tion -o-i, . 46 26 b. Vocalisation and transposition of y, v. 1. y becomes i, v becomes v 46 2. e = y 47 3. Transposition and assimilation of origl. y and v after v,&\ 48 27. Loss of vowel-accumulations and con- y t v, s; consequent tractions 49 28. Compensatory lengthening. 1. Compensatory lengthening after loss of n before s 50 2. Compensatory lengthening in media after loss of s from after X, \i, v 50 3. Compensatory lengthening in nom. sing 50 TABLE OF CONTENTS. XV PAGE 29. 1. Vowel-insertion 51 2. Vowel-prefixure 52 30.