Rethinking Philanthropic Effectiveness 2005-05-10 13-35-05 --- Projekt: bert.rethinking-philantropic / Dokument: FAX ID 022883738682434|(S. 1 ) T00_01 schmutztitel.p 83738682586 2005-05-10 13-35-05 --- Projekt: bert.rethinking-philantropic / Dokument: FAX ID 022883738682434|(S. 2 ) T00_02 vakat.p 83738685098 Dirk Eilinghoff (ed.) Rethinking Philanthropic Effectiveness Lessons from an International Network of Foundation Experts 2005-05-10 13-35-05 --- Projekt: bert.rethinking-philantropic / Dokument: FAX ID 022883738682434|(S. 3 ) T00_03 innentitel.p 83738686610 Bibliographic information published by Die Deutsche Bibliothek Die Deutsche Bibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available on the Internet at http://dnb.ddb.de. © 2005 Verlag Bertelsmann Stiftung, Gütersloh Editor: Dirk Eilinghoff Copy editor: Michael Kühlen Production editor: Christiane Raffel Cover design: Nadine Humann Cover illustration: PhotoDisc Typesetting: digitron GmbH, Bielefeld Print: Hans Kock Buch- und Offsetdruck GmbH, Bielefeld ISBN 3-89204-782-0 www.bertelsmann-stiftung.de/verlag 2005-05-10 13-35-06 --- Projekt: bert.rethinking-philantropic / Dokument: FAX ID 022883738682434|(S. 4 ) T00_04 impressum.p 83738686938 Content Introduction ................................................................................................. 7 Helmut Anheier, Adele Simmons The Role of Philanthropy in Globalization ................................................ 10 Paula D. Johnson, Stephen P. Johnson, Andrew Kingman Promoting Philanthropy: Global Challenges and Approaches ................. 25 Christine W. Letts Effective Foundation Boards—The Importance of Roles .......................... 44 Diana Leat Theories of Social Change: Background Paper .......................................... 55 The INSP Theory of Change Tool ............................................................... 68 Richard Mittenthal Philanthropy Program Design .................................................................... 74 Edward Pauly The Role of Evaluation in the 21st Century Foundation ........................... 95 Thomas E. Backer, Ralph Smith, Ira Barbell Who Comes to the Table? Stakeholder Interactions in Philanthropy ............................................................................................ 111 Nadya K. Shmavonian Management Practices Surrounding Program Professionals in U. S. and European Foundations ........................................................... 128 Helmut Anheier, David Winder Innovations in Strategic Philanthropy—Lessons from Africa, Asia, Central and Eastern Europe, and Latin America .............................. 145 5 2005-05-10 13-35-06 --- Projekt: bert.rethinking-philantropic / Dokument: FAX ID 022883738682434|(S. 5- 6) T00_05 content.p 83738687154 Paula Doherty Johnson, Stephen P. Johnson Tools for Good: A Guide to Vehicles for Philanthropy and Charitable Giving ......................................................................................... 160 The Authors ................................................................................................. 178 Acknowledgments ....................................................................................... 179 About the Project ......................................................................................... 181 6 2005-05-10 13-35-06 --- Projekt: bert.rethinking-philantropic / Dokument: FAX ID 022883738682434|(S. 5- 6) T00_05 content.p 83738687154 Introduction This book is unique in many respects. First, it is the result of broad interna- tional collaboration involving foundation representatives and experts on phi- lanthropy. Second, the various articles in this book are the result of a partici- patory working process that allowed more than 60 network members to con- tribute by writing, commenting and reviewing the articles. Third, the book presents the rich experience and knowledge of an expert group without prom- ising easy answers to complex problems. All three aspects—the collabora- tion, the working process and the challenges addressed by the network— merit a closer look. The collaboration: In early 2001, seven European and U. S. foundations joined forces to set up the International Network on Strategic Philanthropy (INSP). The aim was to provide a forum for dialogue and critical thinking on the role of philanthropy and its effect on societies around the world. Fur- thermore, the project was expected to gather, build and disseminate knowl- edge regarding effective philanthropy. The foundations contributing to this effort were Atlantic Philanthropies (Bermuda), the Bertelsmann Stiftung (Germany), the Charles Stewart Mott Foundation (USA), the Compagnia di San Paolo (Italy), the Ford Foundation (USA), the German Marshall Fund of the U. S. (USA) and the King Baudouin Foundation (Belgium). It was decided that the management of the project would be carried out by the Bertelsmann Stiftung and that the project team would be guided and advised by a steering committee consisting of representatives from all participating foundations. As a next step, the INSP team invited more than a hundred representatives of foundations and support organizations, consultants and researchers from almost twenty countries to join the network and take part in the discussions and the working process. Almost seventy agreed to contribute to the work and invest a considerable amount of time (the network members were expected to meet in person at least twice a year over a period of four years). For the INSP members who wrote and edited the articles in this book, the work was even more extensive. 7 2005-05-10 13-35-07 --- Projekt: bert.rethinking-philantropic / Dokument: FAX ID 022883738682434|(S. 7- 9) T00_06 introduction.p 83738687258 Apart from the steering committee, the INSP members and the network management, the project design provided for a fourth important element— the working group facilitators. These were representatives of leading research institutions and consultancies who were asked to structure the working proc- ess and make the link between practitioners and concepts developed in the academic arena. The process: Over a period of three years, four INSP working groups met once to twice a year in person to discuss key aspects of philanthropy and to turn those discussions into products. Once a year, the network held a plenary meeting. In the final working stage for the publication, the work was carried out in more than 10 subgroups. As a result of this intensive exchange, INSP has created links between or- ganizations and people that go far beyond the usual loose contacts established at conferences or annual meetings of grantmakers. INSP meetings provide not only for peer-to-peer exchange, but also for peer-to-peer advice. In that sense, the articles in this book are a minor part of the benefits that the net- work generated for its members. Nonetheless, this volume is one of the principal tools for transferring those benefits to a larger audience. The challenges: So far, there is no compelling strategic framework for analyzing the field of philanthropy. This fact is surprising, since most endow- ed foundations have the resources to support the systematic development of such a tool. However, in many respects, modeling structures and process and deriving a set of norm strategies seem to be much more difficult in the phil- anthropic world than in other spheres of society such as the business world. In contrast to corporations, foundations do not have to struggle to be continu- ing entities. In most cases, they are created in perpetuity and endowed with assets to fulfill their purpose. As a result, endowed foundations are in the en- viable position of being able to pursue their missions with little outside pres- sure. By use of a skillful investment and reserves policy—under controlled inflation—their asset basis is never in jeopardy. While the working mode of the organization is thus clearly defined, there are widely accepted measures or similar tools to define and measure the effect of philanthropic activities across different fields. Foundations thus have to renew themselves continually from within to stay abreast of changes in their funding areas and the environment. Where market signals are missing, a deep understanding of the funding area, an awareness of the key develop- ments and organizational challenges in philanthropy, and effective forms of leadership are needed for creative and influential work. This book is expected to provide insights into one of those three elements: the key developments and organizational challenges in philanthropy. The 8 2005-05-10 13-35-07 --- Projekt: bert.rethinking-philantropic / Dokument: FAX ID 022883738682434|(S. 7- 9) T00_06 introduction.p 83738687258 authors have attempted to assemble the diverse competencies and cultural background gathered in INSP. We hope that readers will benefit from this approach. We would enjoy hearing from our readers about their experience in the fields covered in this volume. From its very beginning, the formal net- work set up by a coalition of foundations was always expected to grow into a larger international community caring about effective philanthropy. We hope to hear from you. For the INSP team, Dirk Eilinghoff Bertelsmann Stiftung 9 2005-05-10 13-35-07 --- Projekt: bert.rethinking-philantropic / Dokument: FAX ID 022883738682434|(S. 7- 9) T00_06 introduction.p 83738687258 The Role of Philanthropy in Globalization Helmut Anheier, Adele Simmons