FIFTY KEY SOCIOLOGISTS: THE CONTEMPORARY THEORISTS Fifty Key Sociologists: The‘ Contemporary Theorists covers the life, work, ideas and impact of some of the most important thinkers within this discipline. This volume concentrates on those figures whose main writings were based predominantly in the second half of the twen- tieth century. A–Z entries make this book easy to navigate and fig- ures covered include: Zygmunt Bauman Pierre Bourdieu Judith Butler Michel Foucault Claude Le´vi-Strauss Interested readers will find the ideas of theorists writing in the nine- teenth and early twentieth century discussed in Fifty Key Sociologists: The Formative Theorists. John Scott is a Professor of Sociology at the University of Essex. His most recent books include Sociology: The Key Concepts (2006), Power (Polity Press, 2001), Social Theory: Central Issues in Sociology (Sage, 2006) and, with James Fulcher, Sociology third edition, 2007). Also available from Routledge Sociology: The Key Concepts John Scott 0-415-34406-9 Sociology: The Basics Martin Albrow 0-415-17264-0 Fifty Key Sociologists: The Formative Theorists Edited by John Scott 0-415-35260-6 Key Quotations in Sociology K. Thompson 0-415-05761-2 Cultural Theory: The Key Thinkers Andrew Edgar and Peter Sedgwick 0-415-23281-3 Cultural Theory: The Key Concepts (Second edition) Edited by Andrew Edgar and Peter Sedgwick 0-415-28426-0 Social and Cultural Anthropology: The Key Concepts Nigel Rapport and Joanna Overing 0-415-18156-9 Habermas: The Key Concepts Andrew Edgar 0-415-30379-6 The Routledge Companion to Feminism and Postfeminism Edited by Sarah Gamble 0-415-24310-6 The Routledge Companion to Postmodernism Edited by Stuart Sim 0-415-33359-8 FIFTY KEY SOCIOLOGISTS: THE CONTEMPORARY THEORISTS Edited by John Scott Firstpublished2007 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the US and Canada By Routledge 270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2006. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” # 2007 John Scott for selection and editorial matter; the contributors for individual entries. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record for this book has been requested ISBN 0-203-12890-7 Master e-book ISBN ISBN10: 0-415-35256-8 ISBN13: 978-0-415-35256-7 (hbk) ISBN10: 0-415-35259-2 ISBN13: 978-0-415-35259-8 (pbk) ISBN10: 0-203-12890-7 ISBN13: 978-0-203-12890-9 (ebk) CONTENTS Notes on contributors vii Introduction xv Louis Althusser 3 Roland Barthes 7 Jean Baudrillard 14 Zygmunt Bauman 18 Simone de Beauvoir 24 U¨ lrich Beck 28 Howard S. Becker 31 Basil Bernstein 35 Pierre Bourdieu 39 Judith Butler 47 Manuel Castells 51 Randall Collins 54 Gilles Deleuze 59 Mary Douglas 63 Norbert Elias 69 Frantz Fanon 74 Shulamith Firestone 77 Michel Foucault 81 Harold Garfinkel 88 Clifford Geertz 93 Ernest Gellner 97 Anthony Giddens 101 Paul Gilroy 109 Erving Goffman 113 Alvin W. Gouldner 119 Georges Gurvitch 122 Ju¨rgen Habermas 126 Stuart Hall 131 Donna Haraway 136 v CONTENTS George Homans 140 C. L. R. James 144 Melanie Klein 148 Viola Klein 151 Ernesto Laclau 156 Claude Le´vi-Strauss 159 David Lockwood 162 Niklas Luhmann 165 Robert Merton 169 Ralph Miliband 175 C. Wright Mills 178 Ann Oakley 183 Talcott Parsons 187 Orlando Patterson 193 Edward Said 196 Dorothy Smith 200 Gayatri Spivak 205 Charles Tilly 208 Alain Touraine 213 Immanuel Wallerstein 216 William Julius Wilson 220 Index 224 vi NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS Paul Atkinson is distinguished Research Professor of Sociology at Cardiff University and Associate Director of the ESRC Centre for Economic and Social Aspects of Genomics (CESAGen). His latest book is Everyday Arias (AltaMira, 2006), an ethnography of the Welsh National Opera Company. Les Back is Professor of Sociology at Goldsmith’s College, having previously researched at Birkbeck College and the University of London, and taught at the University of Birmingham in the cultural studies department. He has published widely on racism and urban cul- ture and is co-editor of The Auditory Cultures Reader (with Michael Bull, Berg Publishers, 2003), Out of Whiteness: Color, Politics and Culture (with Vron Ware, University of Chicago Press, 2002), and co-author of The Changing Face of Football: Racism, Identity and Multiculture in the English Game (with T. Crabbe and John Solomos, Berg Publishers, 2001). Peter Baehr is Professor and head of the Department of Politics and Sociology, Lingnan University, Hong Kong. His publications include The Portable Hannah Arendt (editor, Penguin, 2000), Founders, Classics, Canons (Transaction, 2002) and Dictatorship in History and Theory (co-edited with Melvin Richter, Cambridge University Press, 2005). Patrick Baert is University Senior Lecturer in Sociology and Fellow and Director of Studies in Social and Political Sciences at Selwyn College, Cambridge University. He studied at the Universities of Brussels and Oxford and has been teaching at Cambridge since 1992. His recent publications include Social Theory in the Twentieth Century (Polity Press, 1998) and Philosophy of the Social Sciences: Towards Prag- matism (Polity Press, 2005). vii NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS Janet Borgerson is Lecturer in the University of Exeter School of Business and Economics. She received her PhD in philosophy from the University of Wisconsin, Madison, and completed postdoctoral work in existential phenomenology at Brown University. Her research has appeared in European Journal of Marketing, Advances in Consumer Research, Consumption Markets & Culture, International Mar- keting Review, Culture and Organisation, Journal of Knowledge Manage- ment, Organisation Studies, Gender Work & Organisation, Feminist Theory, Radical Philosophy Review and Journal of Philosophical Research. Joan Busfield is Professor of Sociology at the University of Essex. She trained initially as a clinical psychologist at the Tavistock Clinic. Her research has focused on psychiatry and mental disorder, and her main publications include Managing Madness: Changing Ideas and Practice (Hutchinson, l986), Men, Women and Madness (Macmillan, 1996) and Health and Health Care in Modern Britain (Oxford Uni- versity Press, 2000). She is the editor of Rethinking the Sociology of Mental Health (Blackwell, 2001). Eamonn Carrabine is Senior Lecturer in the Department of Sociology at the University of Essex. His teaching and research interests lie in the fields of criminology and cultural studies. His books include Crime in Modern Britain (with Pamela Cox, Maggy Lee and Nigel South, Oxford University Press, 2002), Criminology: A Sociological Introduction (with Paul Iganski, Maggy Lee, Ken Plummer and Nigel South, Routledge, 2004) and Power, Discourse and Resis- tance: A Genealogy of the Strangeways Prison Riot (Ashgate, 2004). He is currently working on a book on Crime and the Media: Interrogating Representations of Transgression in Popular Culture. James J. Chriss is currently Associate Professor of Sociology at Cleveland State University. His main areas of interest are sociological theory, crime and delinquency, the sociology of police and medical sociology. His forthcoming book Social Control: History and Current Controversies will be published by Polity Press. Nick Crossley is Professor of Sociology at the University of Man- chester, having previously taught in the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Sheffield. His recent publications include Inter- subjectivity: The Fabric of Social Becoming (Sage, 1996), The Social Body: Habit, Identity and Desire (Sage, 2001), Making Sense of Social Move- viii NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS ments (Open University Press, 2002) and Reflexions in the Flesh: Embodiment in Late Modernity (Open University Press, forthcoming). Sara Delamont is Reader in Sociology at Cardiff University. She was the first woman President of the British Education Research Association in 1984. Her most recent book is Feminist Sociology (Sage, 2003). Mary Evans has taught sociology and women’s studies at the Uni- versity of Kent since 1971. Her main interests are in narratives about social life and personal experience. At present she is working on the ‘stories’ told about illness and – quite separately – a study of Jane Austen. Marcel Fournier is Professor of Sociology at Universite´ de Mon- tre´al, Canada, and held the Killam Fellowship and Pathy Chair at Princeton University from 2001 to 2003. He is the author of Culti- vating Differences (with D. White, University of Chicago Press, l992), Quebec Society (Prentice Hall, l996), E´ mile Durkheim, Lettres a` Marcel Mauss (Presses Universitaire de France, 1998) and Marcel Mauss: A Biography (Princeton University Press, 2005). Sarah Franklin is Professor of Social Studies of Biomedicine and Convenor of the MSc in biomedicine, bioscience and society at the London School of Economics. Her research in the areas of assisted conception, embryo research,