Kairos: A Journal of Critical Symposium Vol. 2 No. 1 (2017) Violence and the Partition of India: Voices from Pakistan Nadia Butt Justus Liebig University Giessen Abstract: This interview, centred on the theme of violence in South Asian history and culture with a particular focus on the partition of India from the perspective of past and present, has been conducted with four persons from different walks of life: Kishwar Sultana Mir, a refugee from Amritsar based in Lahore, who was seven years old when the partition was about to take place; Khawar Kazi, retired Lecturer of English at Kinnaird College for Women Lahore, who was six at the time of the partition; Usman Qasmi, a university professor specialising in South Asian history at Lahore University of Management and Sciences (LUMS); and Ishtiaq Ahmed, Professor Emeritus of Political Science at Stockholm University and a Visiting Professor at the Government College University, Lahore. In this interview, Mir and Kazi narrate their first-hand experiences during the partition as Mir’s entire family was uprooted from her hometown Amritsar, which became a part of newly created India, forcing her to move to Gujarat and then on to Lahore where she currently lives, whereas Kazi’s father was the Commissioner for Rehabilitation in Lahore who was actively involved in accommodating refugees in the newly created Pakistan. Complementing these two first-hand accounts, Qasmi’s and Ahmed’s scholarly insights lend a refreshing perspective on the legacies of the partition violence in South Asia. Keywords: Hindu-Muslim relations, partition violence, forced migration, India-Pakistan conflict I Kishwar Sultana Mir was a refugee from Amritsar in Lahore around the time of the partition of India in 1947, where she first settled down in the neighbourhood of Beadon Road before she got married to a professor of English from a Kashmiri family and moved into the walled city of Lahore, called Sutter Mundi, one of the oldest historical sites. This move was a cultural shock for her as the walled cities of Lahore are a world of their own, following old cultural and religious norms. After having five daughters and a son, she realised her cherished dream of building a house in a modern locality in Lahore, Pakistan where she has lived since then. ©Author/psags/kairostext.in CONTACT Nadia Butt [email protected] NADIA BUTT 147 Nadia Butt (NB): What is your first memory of the Partition times? What was the atmosphere like in Amritsar before you fled your homes and moved to Lahore? Kishwar Sultana Mir (KSM): I was hardly seven years old when India was going to be divided. I remember the spread of Hindu-Muslim riots in our neighbourhood, called Bhagatawal Darwaza. As a result, there were often curfews with English soldiers marching around to check that no one was outside their home in our street, named Pahalwanoo wali Gallee. My parents had started talking about a lot of bloodshed among the Muslims as they were increasingly being persecuted by the Hindus and vice versa. We were told all the time of imminent attacks in our area. So, my family was advised to leave our homes and hearths as soon as possible. I remember being absolutely frightened and terrified at night. I used to sit by the window as we were told to stay awake as long as possible so that we were able to defend ourselves better. Nights were really appalling. As we did not feel safe any longer, we got on a truck with our sparse belongings and travelled to Lahore before the partition was actually announced. It was a strange feeling leaving not only a home, my ancestral home, but my village behind forever, to which I never got a chance to return. My father, who was a goldsmith, stayed behind to look after his belongings, though. We first arrived in a village Deona Juliani near Gujrat and stayed there for a while. Then we lived in an empty house in Landa Bazar, Lahore which actually belonged to my maternal uncle whose wife had gone to India before we moved to 23 Beadon Road, to a house with “Om” written on it as it actually belonged to a Hindu family, who was forced to flee to India. At that time, poverty and misery were looming large. We used to borrow utensils, like most needy families, from our more privileged neighbours as we did not have anything. On 15 of August, my father, who was still living in the house in Amritsar, heard an announcement: “Is there any Muslim left behind to get on the last truck leaving for the newly created Pakistan?” He had no chance to pack his belongings, so he left everything and ran away from the back door of his abandoned house to Lahore. NB: What sticks out in your memory as the most unforgettable event during these turbulent times? KSM: I do remember an utterly gory event around that time. My father one day came home and told us that a train from India had arrived with dead, mutilated bodies of Muslims at the main railway station in Lahore. The Hindus and Sikhs had apparently taken revenge on the Muslim refugees for allegedly supporting the creation of Pakistan when in reality those innocent people were forced to leave their homes behind in India. My father pointed out that women and children were drenched in blood and were beyond recognition, as they were massacred with daggers and axes in cold blood. This incident was assumed to have changed the mood in Lahore where we had planned to move from Deona Juliani. The Hindu-Muslim riots had become the order of the day. Kairos: A Journal of Critical Symposium NADIA BUTT 148 We literally felt as if peace had become a far cry; Lahore did not appear any safer than Amritsar. In fact, in the wake of the train from India to Lahore carrying only corpses, a series of bloodshed had erupted. I remember one day my father coming home in great panic. He said, Shah-Alami Gate or Shalmi (as the locals call it) had been set entirely on fire, which was the hub of influential Hindu businessmen. The Hindus were sure that no one would be able to attack Shalmi as it was surrounded by solid walls claiming, “No Mai ka Lal (no brave son of a mother) can harm us!” But the Muslim gangs entered Shalmi through the gutters and set it on fire. This incident made all the rich Hindus leave Lahore and flee to India. There is yet another incident I would like to share: Before the partition, we first arrived in a village Deona Juliani near Gujrat, as I have mentioned before, where lived a young stationmaster Krishan. My mother discovered that the Muslims decided to kill Krishan, who was the only support of his old, frail mother. As the Hindu-Muslim animosity was increasing day-by-day, people in the village argued that murdering a Hindu is a way of avenging the murder of innocent Muslims at the hands of Hindus and Sikhs. My mother intervened and declared that she would not let that happen. Then she helped the young man and his old mother escape from their hometown to India. A similar incident comes to my mind now. In our neighbourhood in Lahore after the partition, there lived a 16-year-old Hindu with his two sisters and a mother whom our neighbours planned to murder. He and his family were living on the upper floor of the house whereas an Englishwoman was living on the ground floor. As soon as the Englishwoman found out that the life of that man was in danger, she immediately made him and his family escape to India secretly. NB: Why do you think the partition brought out the worst in people? Why was there so much violence and cruelty? KSM: It is still widely believed that it was a lot to do with the colonial policy of divide-and-rule. But according to my mother, who lived in united India most of her lives, it was a consequence of ethnic and religious prejudices among the Hindus towards the Muslims… NB: But Hindus and Muslims had been living together peacefully in the same neighbourhood for ages, so why did they suddenly become bitter enemies when the partition was imminent? KSM: Yes. However, the political decision of dividing India into separate states accentuated the hidden prejudices. My mother often complained that the Hind women at lunch or dinner time often commanded that she as a Muslim woman should look away so that the food is not polluted by the gaze of the ‘unholy’ lookers. It used to annoy her a lot. Moreover, during those turbulent times we did feel that the Hindus manipulated and instrumentalised the Sikhs to a great extent to achieve their ulterior motifs by promising them Khalistan, ‘the pure Kairos: A Journal of Critical Symposium NADIA BUTT 149 land for Sikhs.’ Indeed, the Hindus and the Sikhs appeared to be our worst enemies. I do not, nevertheless, claim that the Muslims were innocent either. Whenever they got the chance to kill and attack the Hindus or the Sikhs, they did not refrain from it. I cannot forget the story of Boota Singh whose grave was opened by one of the men in our neighbourhood in Lahore for punishing him for committing suicide, which he claimed to be against the injunctions of Islam. NB: Do you mean the same character about whom several films have been made too? KSM: Yes.