Ingham of Arabia Studies in Semitic Languages and Linguistics Editorial board Aaron D. Rubin and C.H.M. Versteegh VOLUME 69 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/ssl Ingham of Arabia A Collection of Articles Presented as a Tribute to the Career of Bruce Ingham Edited by Clive Holes and Rudolf de Jong LEIDEn • BOSTON 2013 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Ingham of Arabia : a collection of articles presented as a tribute to the career of Bruce Ingham / edited by Clive Holes and Rudolf de Jong. pages cm. — (Studies in Semitic languages and linguistics ; 69) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-90-04-25617-0 (hardback : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-90-04-25619-4 (e-book) 1. Arabic language—Dialects. 2. Sociolinguistics—Arab countries. I. Holes, Clive, 1948– editor of compilation. II. Jong, Rudolf de editor of compilation. III. Ingham, Bruce honouree. PJ6709.I54 2013 492.7’7—dc23 2013021421 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, IPA, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.com/brill-typeface. ISSN 0081-8461 ISBN 978-90-04-25617-0 (hardback) ISBN 978-90-04-25619-4 (e-book) Copyright 2013 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Global Oriental, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers and Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper. CONTENTS Preface ................................................................................................................ vii Bibliography Bruce Ingham ......................................................................... xi About Bedouin Tents and other Tents, or “Tent Terminology as an Example of Semantic Shift” ......................................................... 1 Peter Behnstedt and Manfred Woidich Tense and Aspect in Semitic: A Case Study Based on the Arabic of the Omani Šarqiyya and the Mehri of Dhofar ............................. 23 Domenyk Eades and Janet C.E. Watson From Phonological Variation to Grammatical Change: Depalatalisation of /č/ in Salti ............................................................... 55 Bruno Herin and Enam Al-Wer Representation of Women’s Language in Negev Bedouin Men’s Texts .................................................................................................. 75 Roni Henkin An Arabic Text from Ṣūr, Oman ................................................................ 87 Clive Holes Grammaticalizations Based on the Verb kāna in Arabic Dialects ............................................................................................ 109 Otto Jastrow Texts in Sinai Bedouin Dialects .................................................................. 119 Rudolf de Jong Lexical Notes on the Dialect of Mayadin (Eastern Syria) in the Late 1970s, with Jean Cantineau’s Fieldnotes of 1935 ........ 151 Jérôme Lentin vi contents Chapter 504 and Modern Arabic Dialectology: What are Kaškaša and Kaskasa, Really? ................................................................................. 173 Jonathan Owens Interesting Facts on Ancient Mounds—Three Texts in the Bedouin Arabic Dialect of the Harran-Urfa Region (Southeastern Turkey) .............................................................................. 203 Stephan Procházka Antigemination as Morphosemantic Integrity in Arabic Dialects ............................................................................................ 215 Kirsty Rowan Index ................................................................................................................... 233 PREFACE Ingham of Arabia brings together contributions from many researchers in the world of Arabic dialectology and sociolinguistics who wish to cel- ebrate the career of our dear colleague and friend Bruce Ingham on the occasion of his retirement from full-time academic life. Like Premiership footballers who spend their careers at one club, Bruce is a rarity: he spent his entire academic life at the School of Oriental and African Studies of the University of London. A Londoner by birth, he was admitted to SOAS in 1961 as an undergraduate to read for a degree in Arabic and Persian, and then became successively a Lecturer (whilst still a doctoral research student), and finally a full Professor—all in that same leafy corner of Bloomsbury near the British Museum. For many years now, he has been a dominant figure in British and European Arabic dialectology, and a worthy successor to his late, and much-lamented teacher Tom Johnstone, one of the pioneers of modern Arabian dialectology and the study of the Modern South Arabian languages. Bruce began his research career with a series of articles in the ‘house journal’, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. Two of these, published in 1973 and 1976, were on the Arabic dialects of southern Iraq and Khuzistan, based on the PhD field-work he had done there. At this point, southern Iraq was still largely terra incognita to Arabic dialectol- ogy. Bruce’s presentation and linguistic terminology (e.g. ‘verbal piece’) immediately marked him as a product of the Firthian ‘London School of Linguistics’, which also produced such luminaries as Michael Halliday. But these two articles were much more than a young research student’s mechanical application of someone else’s method: they were among the first pieces of dialectological research in Arabic to build life-style factors fully into the description, with the differentiation of ‘urban’ and ‘rural’ dia- lect types, foreshadowing much of his later (and others’) work on Arabia and the Gulf. These early articles were followed by studies of the dia- lect of the Mutayr tribe of Kuwait (1979) and a sketch of Najdi Arabic in Fischer and Jastrow’s Arabic dialectology reader (1980), which pointed to the direction in which Bruce’s research would go geographically—Central Arabia. His first full-length book was North-East Arabian Dialects, published by KPI in 1982. This beautifully written early study, a model of concision, viii preface clarity, and economy of statement, interweaves the threads which would mark Bruce’s later work—a deep understanding of the cycles of Arabian tribal population movements over time; an ability to record dialect usage with meticulous accuracy, but at the same time see beyond the fine details of synchronic language data to the diachronic dynamics of sociolinguistic change which underlay them; and an ethnographer’s love of oral culture, which in Arabia is such a rich repository of local history, tribal lore and verbal art. It is one of those books which when you put it down (but then return to again and again) you say to yourself ‘I wish I’d written that’. A string of substantial articles followed throughout the 1980s and 90s: on the dialect of the Dhafir of Kuwait and Saudi Arabia (1982); the dialect of the Al Murra of southern Najd and Qatar (1986); Bedouin camel termi- nology (1990); Khuzistani Arabic (1991); subordinate clauses in Bedouin dialects (1991); the sālfa as a narrative genre (1993); Afghanistan Arabic (1994); the dialect of the Rwala of northern Arabia (1995); and a series of articles on Bedouin dress. In 1997, Ithaca published in book form a useful, edited collection of some of these articles under the title Arabian Diver- sions. There were also, in this period, two substantial books. The first, Bedouin of Northern Arabia: traditions of the Dhafir (1986), included much tribal history and dialect poetry of this major north Arabian tribe, and it was later translated into Arabic and published in Kuwait; the second was a short but magisterial study on the dialects of central Arabia, Najdi Arabic (1994). This latter work bears witness to Bruce’s deep understand- ing of how Najdi Arabic works as a language system at all levels of analy- sis. And lest we are persuaded by the seemingly endless studies of easily accessible modern urban dialects like Cairene into thinking that all Arabic dialects are developing like European languages, Najdi Arabic lays bare the structures of a variety of Arabic that has developed, particularly in its treatment of tense, aspect and Aktionsart, in a direction different from the Arabic vernaculars of the eastern Mediterranean. It can be seen from this (abbreviated) list that by the mid-90s Bruce’s interests had begun to range widely over material culture, ethnography, and poetry as well as his first love, language. But his next move was in a totally unexpected direction: the Indian languages of North America! Beginning in the mid-1990s, Bruce published half-a-dozen academic papers on the Lakota language of North and South Dakota in the USA, estimated to be spoken by 20,000 Sioux Indians. In 2001, he published an English- Lakota dictionary of 285 pages and 12,000 entries. The book was launched at the American embassy in London. Bruce was also presented with a star