Ahmed Draia University -Adrar Faculty of Letters and Languages Department of English Letters and Language A Research Paper Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for a Master’s Degree in Linguistics & Didactics Title A Comparative Analysis between Aougrout and Tsabit Dialects: The Lexical Level Presented by: Supervised by: Fatima Zohra Daoui Mr. Lahcen Bobeckeur Academic Year: 2015 – 2016 DEDICATION I thank the Almighty God for giving me the courage and determination as well as guidance in conducting this research study, despite all difficulties. This work is dedicated to my loving mother and to the soul of my father, without their knowledge, wisdom, and guidance; I would not have the goals I have strived for and been the best to realize my dreams. It is also dedicated to my brothers, sisters, uncles, aunts, cousins, all relatives and all friends. i Acknowledgements I am immensely grateful to my supervisor Mr. Boubeckeur Lahcen for his sincere commitment, endless patience, suggestions and advice, support and encouragement throughout the development of this work. Special thanks go to Miss. Kerthiou Omayma for her help and pieces of advice along the work. I would also like to express my gratitude to all teachers of the department of English. II List of Abbreviations A.A: Aougrout Arabic TA: Tsabit Arabic MSA: Modern Standard Arabic AA: Algerian Arabic CA: Classical Arabic HV: High Variety LV: Low Variety iii List of Tables Table n°1: Isoglosses in different levels of language………………………………8 Table n°2: Examples of isoglosses…………………………………………………..8 Table n°3: Some nouns of Aougrout Arabic and Tsabit Arabic………………….31 Table n°4: Some verbs of Aougrout Arabic and Tsabit Arabic.………………….31 Table n°5: Some pronouns of Aougrout Arabic and Tsabit Arabic……………… 32 Table n°6: Lexical variation and Diglossia in Aougrout and Tsabit Dialects…….36 Table n°7: Synonymy in Aougrout Arabic and Tsabit Arabic…………………....36 iv List of Maps Map n° 1: Northern Region of the Wilaya of Adrar…………………………………p.26 Map n° 2: Geographical Situation of Aougrout………………………………………p.27 Map n° 3: Geographical Situation of Tsabit………………………………………….p.28 v List of Phonetic Symbols Consonants of Aougrout and Tsabit Arabic: [ʔ]: /ʔmmәla/ "so that" voiced glottal plosive. [b]: /bu:ʃta/ "post" Voiced bilabial plosive. [t̪]: /tkәllәm/ "he spoke" Voiceless dental plosive. [θ]: /θri:g /"road" Voiceless inter-dental fricative. [dʒ]: /mi:ʤәl/ "machete" Voiced post-alveolar affricate. [ħ]: /ħawwa:q/ " turban" Voiceless pharyngeal fricative. [χ]: /lχϴi: r/ "a bed for baby" Voiceless, velar, fricative. [d̪ ]: /dәħwi/ "meal eating at 10:00 a.m" Voiced dental plosive. [r]: / /ħәrak/"to run" voiced alveolar trill. [z]: /zae:d/ "he added" Voiced alveolar fricative. [s]: /qa: s/ "to throw" Voiceless alveolar fricative. [ʃ]: /ʃku: n/ "who" Voiceless post-alveolar fricative. [ʕ]: /ʕi: b/ "it is scandal" Voiced pharyngeal fricative. [ɣ]:/lɣarsa/ "small palm" Voiced velar fricative. [f]: /faksa/ "vaccine" Voiceless labio-dental fricative. [q]: /qnae:n/ "a rabbit" Voiceless pharyngeal plosive. [k]: /kbi: r/ "old" Voiceless velar plosive. [l]: /lħawli/ "women's veil" Alveolar lateral. [m]: /mae:t/ "he died" voiced nasal. [n]: /naxla/ "a palm tree" voiced alveolar nasal. [h]: /hәzz/ "he takes" Voiceless glottal fricative. vi Semi-vowel of Aougrout and Tsabit: [w]: /wi: n/ "where" voiced, approximant. [j]: /jamʃi/ "he walks" voiced Palatal approximant. The Emphatics: [Ş]: /Şaajәm/ "he is fasting" Emphatic voiceless alveolar fricative. [đ]:/jađ ħak/ "he is laughing" Emphatic voiced alveolar plosive. [ţ]: /ţajjәb/ "he cooked" Emphatic, voiceless, dental, plosive. Vowels of Aougrout and Tsabit Arabic: /a/: /Ʒaa/ "he came" back low with spread lips. /æ/: /ҁewᴂma/ "ladle" Front open with lips slightly spread. /ʊ/: /zrʊdi/ "carrot" back high rounded. /ɑ: /: /lħᴂfa: z/ "trousers" Back low with neutral lips. /ә/: /rәƷƷala/ "men" Central between mind-open and mid close with neutral lips. /I/: /kima/ "like" front, high, with spread lips. vi Table of Contents Dedication……………………………………………………………………………….i Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………………..ii List of Abbreviations……………………………………………………..........................iii List of Tables……………………………………………………………………………..iv List of Maps………………………………………………………………………………v List of Symbols………………………………………………………………………….vi Table of Contents………………………………………………………………………vii Abstract…………………………………………………………………………..….. .Viii General Introduction……………………………………………………………………1 Chapter One Theoretical Aspect of Language Variability 1.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..2 1.2 Language Variability………………………………………………………...............2 1.3 Sociolinguistics Vs Dialectology……………………………………………………4 1.4 Dialectology a scope of Research…………………………………………………...6 1.5 Language: A Standard Linguistic Code…………………………………………….8 1.6 Dialect: A non Standard Linguistic Code…………………………………………...9 1.6.1 Types of Dialects…………………………………………………. ……...……12 1.6.1.1 Regional Dialect………………………………………………...………12 1.6.1.2 Social Dialect or Sociolect………………………………………………13 1.7 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………15 vii Chapter Two Language Variation at the Lexical Level 2.1 Introduction ………………………………….…………………………………….17 2.2 Definition of Lexical Variation…………………………………………………….17 2.2.1 Synonymy……………………………………………………………………..18 2.2.2 Polysemy………………………………………………………………………19 2.2.3 Borrowing………………………………………………….…………………19 2.3 Lexical Variation and Diglossia……………………………………………………21 2.3.1 High variety Vs Low variety………………………………………………….22 2.3.1.1 Phonetic level…...........................................................................................23 2.3.1.2 Phonological level……………………………………………………...…23 2.3.1.3 Morphological level………………………………………………………..23 2.3.1.4 Lexical level……………………………………………………….……….24 2.3.1.5 Syntactic level……………………………………………………………....24 2.4 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………24 A Practical Research Chapter Three: Lexical Variation between Aougrout and Tsabit Dialects. 3.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………….…...26 3.2 Historical Background of the Target Geographical Areas of Aougrout and Tsabit……………………………………………………………………………………26 3.3 Lexical variation in Aougrout and Tsabit Dialects……….……………………….28 3.4 Research Instruments………………………………………………………………29 3.4.1 Nouns………………………….……………………………………………..30 3.4.2 Verbs…………………………………………………………………………31 3.4.3 Pronouns………………………………………………………………………32 vii 3.5 Lexical Borrowing in Aougrout and Tsabit Dialects………………………………..32 3.5.1 Borrowed Words from Modern Standard Arabic………………………………33 3.5.2 Borrowed Words from Zenete………………………………………………….33 3.5.3 Borrowed Words from French…………………………………………………34 3.5.4 Lexical Variation and Diglossia in Aougrout and Tsabit Dialects…………….35 3.5.4.1 Synonymy……………………………………...………………………….36 3.5.4.2 Polysemy………………………………………..…………………………37 3.6 Data Interpretation …...................................................................................................37 3.7 Results…………………………………………………..……………………………39 3.8 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………..40 General Conclusion……………………………………………………………………42 Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………43 vii Abstract The present research work is an attempt to study a comparative analysis between two dialectal varieties of Arabic of the two regions which are Aougrout and Tsabit at the lexical level. The main purpose of this research is to elucidate to what extend the both varieties are similar or different. Before presenting the field of work, we have first introduced some important linguistic concepts such as: language variability and dialectology .The second chapter presents the definition of lexical variation and other sociolinguistic phenomena that are related to it such as synonymy, polysemy and borrowing. The third chapter explains the lexical variation that exists between Aougrout and Tsabit dialects. Most of the data obtained from people who are 60 years old by recording and making interviews with them from both regions. An important conclusion is that, there are similarities and differences between Aougrout Arabic and Tsabit Arabic at the lexical level. vii GENERAL INTRODUCTION General Introduction Sociolinguistics is a term that includes the aspects of linguistics applied towards the connection between language and society, and the way we use language in different social situations. It has become a recognized part of most courses at university level on "linguistics" or "language", and is indeed one of the main grown points in the study of language, from both point of views teaching and research Therefore, sociolinguistics ranges from the study of the wide variety of dialects across a specific region down to the analysis between the way men and women speak to each other. It often shows us the humorous realities of human speech and how a dialect of a given language can often describe age, sex and social class of the speaker; it codes the social function of a language .The growth in sociolinguistics has taken place since the late 1960s. What is new is the widespread interest and the realization that it can throw much light both on the nature of language and society. But, it is important to recognize that much of the interest has come from people, such as educationalists, who have a practical concern for language. However, the reason why interest in sociolinguistics has grown so rapidly over the last decades is the empirical discoveries made in the course of systematic research projects. Moreover, sociolinguistics like other subjects is partly empirical and theoretical; a matter of going out .Furthermore, the analysis