ACKNOWLEDGMENTS In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful. Though. only my name appears on the cover of the present thesis, many people have helped and directed me to its completion. I owe my sincere gratitude to all those people who have made this thesis possible, and because of whom my experience has been one that I will cherish forever. My deepest gratitude is to my research supervisor, Dr. Rakhshanda F. Fazli. I have been amazingly fortunate to have a mentor and guardian who gave me the freedom to explore on my own, and at the same time the guidance to recover when my steps faltered. She taught me how to question thoughts and express ideas. Her patience and support helped me overcome many crisis situations and finish this Ph. D. thesis on time. I hope that one day I would become as good a supervisor to my students as Dr, Fazli has been to me. I am sincerely grateful to Prof.Fazal Mahmood for his constant encouragement and practical advice on many occasions. He has been a constant source of inspiration and without his help; this work would never have come to completion. I would also like to express my heartiest thanks to Prof. Mohd. Gulrez (Chairman, Department of West Asian Studies) for providing awesome research environment along with all research facilities. His contributions certainly have great importance in the successful completion of this Ph.D. thesis. I am also thankful to Prof., Nazim Ali, Prof., S Shamir Hasan, Prof., Javed Iqbal, Prof., Mohd. Azhar, and Dr.Ghulam Mursaleem, for their valuable suggestions and kind help from time to time. I would like to acknowledge Dr. Rashid Aziz Faridi, Dr. Afroz Alam, Dr. Anjum Mehtab, Dr. Javed Alam, Dr. Mohd. Firoz, Dr. Yekaterina Khokhlacheva, and Dr. Manoj Pradhan, for numerous discussions and suggestions on the research topic and off the topic that help me to improve my knowledge horizon significantly. I am indebted to all my family members including my beloved parents. Without their support and cooperation, I would not have sustained my efforts. I would like to express my gratitude to my elder brother Mohd. Khaliq and my sister Zakia Khanum. I also duly acknowledge the cooperation of library staff from Maulana Azad AMU, Seminar Library of the Department of West Asian Studies, Central Library JNU and various other organizations including UGC for providing financial help. I However, I am not enough to express my thanks and acknowledgement to each person by name. I would like to thanks to all those who has contributed directly or indirectly to the completion of this Ph.D. thesis. Last but not the least, I wish to express my sincere thanks to Dr, Suhail Sabir, Mr. Rajkumar Gehlot, Mohd Noorain Khan, Tanushree Dangi, Neeru Gehlot, Faisal Rather, and all my friends and dearest one. (Mohammad Suhail) II CANDIDATES’S DECLARATION I, Mohammad Suhail Department of West Asian Studies certify that the work embodied in this Ph. D. thesis is my own bonafide work carried out by me under the supervision of Dr. Rakhshanda F. Fazli at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. The matter embodied in this Ph. D. thesis has not been submitted for the award of any other degree. I declare that I have faithfully acknowledged, given credit to and referred to the research workers wherever their works have been cited in the text and the body of the thesis. I further certify that I have not willfully lifted up some other’s work, Para, text, data, result, etc., reported in the journals, books, magazines, reports, dissertations, theses, etc., or available at web-sites and included them in this Ph. D. thesis and cited as my own work. Dated: ......................... (Mohammad Suhail) Certificate from the Supervisor This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is correct to the best of my knowledge. Dr. Rakhshanda F. Fazli Associate Professor Department of West Asian Studies Professor Chairman Department of West Asian Studies COURSE/COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION/PRE- SUBMISSION SEMINAR COMPLETION CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Mr. Mohammad Suhail Department of West Asian Studies has satisfactorily completed the course work/comprehensive examination and pre-submission seminar requirement, which is part of his Ph. D. programme. Date: ....................... Professor Chairman Department of West Asian Studies COPYRIGHT TRANSFER CERTIFICATE Title of the Thesis: Water Resource Management in Saudi Arabia Candidate’s Name: Mohammad Suhail COPYRIGHT TRANSFER The undersigned hereby assign to the Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh copyright that may exist in and for the above thesis submitted for the award of the ph. D. degree. Mohammad Suhail Note: However, the author may reproduce or authorize others to reproduce material extracted verbatim from the thesis or derivative of the thesis for author’s personal use provide that the source and the University’s copyright notice are indicated. Dedicated To My Beloved parents and the one, who is saving each drop of water Contents Acknowledgements I-II List of Figures III-V List of Tables VI-VII Key Map of Study Area Introduction 01-19 Chapter 1: Review of Literature 20-66 1.1 Bibliometric Analysis of Literature on WRM 1.1.1 Subjects-wise Contribution (Association Analysis) 1.1.2 Analysis of Research Outputs by Documents Type 1.1.3 Areal Flow of the Research Works on WRM 1.1.4 Global Emerging Themes/Areas in WRM Research 1.2 Review of Selected Research Outcomes on Water Resource Management– I: Worldwide 1.3 Review of Research Outcomes on Water Resource Management– II: The Study Area Chapter 2: Geographical Description of the Study Area 67-116 2.1 Physiographic Regions of Saudi Arabia 2.1.1 Western Mountains and Highlands 2.1.2 The Central Plateau and Uplands 2.1.3 Plain Regions including Tabuk and Al-Widyan 2.1.4 Coastal Lowlands 2.1.5 Harrat and Volcanic Rocks 2.1.6 Deserts and Sand Seas 2.2 Geology of the Study Area 2.2.1 The Arabian Shield 2.2.3 The Arabian Platform 2.2.4 The Red Sea Coastal Plain 2.2.5 Tertiary and Quaternary Basalt Lava Fields 2.3 Climate of Saudi Arabia 2.4 Major Soil Groups in Saudi Arabia 2.5 Population in Saudi Arabia 2.6 Urbanization in Saudi Arabia Chapter 3: Water Resources in Saudi Arabia 117-156 3.1 Hydrology and Water Resources 3.1.1 Groundwater 3.1.2 Surface water: 3.1.2.1 Widyan in Saudi Arabia 3.1.2.2 Dams and Reservoirs in Saudi Arabia 3.1.3 Desalinization of water in Saudi Arabia 3.1.4 Reclaimed Wastewater Chapter 4: Water Demand and Supply in Saudi Arabia 157-180 4.1 Water Demand in Saudi Arabia 4.2 Water Supply in Saudi Arabia 4.3 Gap between Total Water Demand and Supply 4.4 Water Consumption Assessment Based on Five-Year Development Plan 4.5 Projections of Future Water Demand by Sectors 4.6 Regional Growth of Water Consumption Chapter 5: Water Resource Management in Saudi Arabia: Policies and Strategies 181-218 5.1 Domains of Water Resource Management in Saudi Arabia 5.2 Supply versus Demand Management of Water Resources 5.3 National Development Plan (NDP) and Water Resource Policies in Saudi Arabia 5.4 Institutional and Organizational Development 5.5 Educational Awareness and Water Conservation Conclusion and Summary 219-228 Bibliography 229-249 Appendix I 250 Appendix II 251-253 Appendix III 254-262 List of Figures Figure Page Title No. No 1.1 Research Outputs (Year-wise) of Keyword [water* resource* 36 management*] 1.2 Research Outputs (Year-wise) of Keyword [water* resource* 36 management* and (Saudi Arabia*)] 1.3 Association Analysis of Research Outputs for Keyword [water* 38 resource* management*] 1.4 Association Analysis of Research Outputs for Keyword [water* 38 resource* management* and (Saudi Arabia*)] 1.5 Inventory of research (55701) outputs by documents type as updated 40 on 01 June 2015 1.6 Inventory of research (139) outputs by documents type as updated on 40 01 June 2015 1.7 Number of Total Documents by top 10 countries on WRM and 42 WRM-SA respectively 1.8 Emerging fields of areas on WRM Globally 44 1.9 Proposed methodological framework for water resource management 55 (WRM) and capacity building in research 2.1 Map of the Study Area 68 2.2 Physiographic Divisions of Saudi Arabia 71 2.3 Geological Cross-Section of Arabian Formation 83 2.4 Generalised Geological Map of Arabian Peninsula 86 2.5 Average Temperature Distribution from January to June 98 (1950-2000) III 2.6 Average Temperature Distribution from July to December 99 (1950-2000) 2.7 Average Precipitation Distribution from January to June 100 (1950-2000) 2.8 Average Precipitation Distribution from July to December 101 (1950-2000) 2.9 Average Potential Evaporation Distribution from January to June 102 (1950-2000) 2.10 Average Potential Evaporation Distribution from July to December 103 (1950-2000) 2.11 Average Yearly Distribution of Potential Evaporation (1950-2000) 104 2.12 Spatial Aridity Index in Saudi Arabia (1950-2000) 105 2.13 Major Soil Groups in Saudi Arabia 107 2.14 Percentage Share of the Soil Group from Total 108 2.15 Population Increase Male and Female (1960-2050) 111 2.16 Population Pyramid, Saudi Arabia 1950, 2010, and 2050 112 2.17 Population Density in Saudi Arabia (2014) 117 2.18 Urban Population Growth in Saudi Arabia 115 3.1 Total Available Water Resource in Saudi Arabia (Percentage) 121 3.2 Principal Aquifers in Saudi Arabia 124 3.3 Dams and Storage capacity in Saudi Arabia 139 3.4 Total (Cumulative) Storage Capacity of the Dams by year 139 3.5 Total Desalinated water production by plants 149 4.1 Water Demand by Sector in Saudi Arabia (MCM) 160 4.2 Share of Water Demand by Sector in Saudi Arabia (MCM)