The Hutchinson Encyclopedia of Literature Preface The Hutchinson Encyclopedia of Literature is a reference book, with entries arranged in A–Z format. To go directly to a particular entry, click on the link in the table of contents. There are also links between entries – click on any underlined word to jump to the related entry. © Copyright Research Machines plc 2006. All rights reserved. Helicon Publishing is a division of Research Machines plc. Helicon Publishing New Mill House 183 Milton Park Abingdon Oxon OX14 4SE e-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.helicon.co.uk Cover photographs © Billie Love. Table of contents A Aakjaer, Jeppe Aarestrup, Carl Ludvig Emil Aasen, Ivar Andreas Abbey, Edward Abbot, Robert Sengstacke Abbotsford Abbott, Jacob Abbt, Thomas à Beckett, Gilbert Abbott Abe Kobo Abercrombie, Lascelles Abish, Walter About, Edmond François Valentin Abrahams, Peter Abrams, Meyer (Howard) Abse, Dannie Abu-al-Ala al-Maarri Abû Mâdî, Ilyâ Abú Nuwás, Hasan ibn Háni Academy, the Accademia della Crusca Acciaiuoli, Donato Accius, Lucius Accolti, Benedetto Accolti, Bernardo Accolti, Francesco Achad Haam Achebe, Chinua Achilles Tatius Acker, Kathy Ackroyd, Peter Acmeist movement Acosta, José de Actius, Lucius Acuña, Cristóval de Adagia Adam, Juliette Adam, Paul-Auguste-Marie Adam de la Halle Adamic, (Alojzij) Louis Adams, Charles Follen Adams, Douglas (Noël) Adams, Henry Brooks Adams, Richard (George) adaptation (arts) Adcock, (Kareen) Fleur Addison, Joseph Ade, George Adeler, Max Adler, Elmer Adlington, William Adolphus, John Leycester Ady, Endre Aelfric Aeneid Aeschylus Aesop African literature Agate, James (Evershed) Agnon, Shmuel Yosef Ahlberg, Allan Aidoo, Ama Ata Aiken, Conrad Potter Aiken, Joan (Delano) Ailly, Pierre d' Ainsworth, William Harrison Aitmatov, Chingiz Akhmatova, Anna Akins, Zoe Aksakov, Sergei Timofeyevich Akutagawa, Ryunosuke Alain-Fournier Alamanni, Luigi Alarcón, Juan Ruiz de Alarcón, Pedro Antonio de Alas, Leopoldo Albee, Edward (Franklin) Alberti, Rafael Alcaeus Alciati, Andrea Alciphron Alcman Alcoforado, Marianna Alcott, Louisa May Aldington, Richard Aldiss, Brian W(ilson) Aldrich, Thomas Bailey Aleardi, Aleardo Alecsandri, Vasile Aleixandre, Vicente Alemán, Mateo Alexander, William Alexandru, Ion Alexis, Willibald Alfadir Alford, Henry Alger, Horatio Algren, Nelson Abraham Alice's Adventures in Wonderland Alishan, Leon allegory Allen, (William) Hervey (Jr) Allen, Frederick Lewis Allen, Paula Gunn Allende, Isabel Allibone, Samuel Austin Allingham, Margery Louise Allingham, William Almagest Almeida-Garrett, João Baptista da Silva Leitão Almqvist, Carl Jonas Love Alonso, Dámaso al-Rayhânî, Amîn Alvaro, Corrado Amado, Jorge Amari, Michele Ambler, Eric Amerbach, Johannes American Academy of Art and Letters American literature Amis, Kingsley (William) Amis, Martin Louis Ammianus Marcellinus Ammons, A(rchie) R(andolph) Amory, Thomas Amyot, Jacques Anacreon 'Ancient Mariner, The Rime of the' Ancrene Riwle Andersen, Hans Christian Anderson, Sherwood Andrade, Mario de André, Bernard Andrews, William Loring Andreyev, Leonid Nicolaievich Andric, Ivo Andromache Aneirin Angeli, Pietro Angelo Angelou, Maya Anglo-Saxon Chronicle Anglo-Saxon literature Angry Young Men Animal Farm Anna Karenina Anstey, F anthology Anthony, Michael Antigone antihero Antin, Mary antislavery literature Antonius, Brother Antony and Cleopatra Aphthonius Apion Apollinaire, Guillaume Apollonius of Rhodes 'Apollonius of Tyre' Apollo poets Apperley, Charles James Applegate, Jesse Apuleius, Lucius Arabian Nights Arabic literature Aragon, Louis Arany, János Arason, Jón Aratus Arbuthnot, John Archer, Jeffrey Howard Archilochus Ardizzone, Edward Aretino, Pietro Argens, Jean-Baptiste de Boyer Argenson, Marc Antoine René de Voyer Argentine literature Arghezi, Tudor Ari, Thorgilsson Àrîda, Nasîb Arion Ariosto, Ludovico Aristophanes Aristophanes of Byzantium Aristotle Arlen, Michael Armitage, Simon Arndt, Ernst Moritz Arnim, Bettina von Arnim, Elizabeth Mary, Countess von Arnim Arnim, Ludwig Achim von Árni Magnússon Arnold, Edwin Arnold, Matthew Arrianus, Flavius Ars poetica Arthur, Timothy Shay Arundel Marbles Asachi, Gheorghe Asbjörnsen, Peter Christen Asch, Sholem Asclepiades Ashbery, John Lawrence Ashbridge, Elizabeth Ashford, Daisy (Margaret Mary Julia) Ashton, Winifred Asimov, Isaac Askew, Anthony Asturias, Miguel Ángel Athenaeus Athenodorus Cordylion Atherton, Gertrude Franklin Atkinson, Katea Atterbom, Per (Daniel Amadeus) Attic orators Attius, Lucius Atwood, Margaret (Eleanor) Aubanel, Théodore Aubignac, François Hedelin, Abbé d'Aubignac Aubigné, Théodore Agrippa d' Aubrey, John 'Aucassin et Nicolette' Auchincloss, Louis (Stanton) Auden, W(ystan) H(ugh) Aulnoy, Marie Catherine, Baronne d'Aulnoy Aumonier, Stacy Aurelius, Victor Sextus Aurispa, Giovanni Auroras of Autumn, The Ausonius, Decimus Magnus Austen, Jane Auster, Paul Austin, Alfred Australian literature autobiography Avery, Samuel Putnam Avianus Avram, Henriett D (Davidson) Avvakum, Archpriest Awdry, W(ilbert) V(ere) Ayenbite of Inwit Ayer, Edward Everett Ayme, Marcel Azorín B Babbitt Babel, Isaak Emmanuilovich Babrius Bacchelli, Riccardo Bacchylides Bacon, Delia Salter Bacon, Robert Baconian theory Bacovia, George Badius Ascensius, Jodocus bad quartos Baggesen, Jens Immanuel Bagnold, Enid (Algerine) Bagritsky, Eduard Bahr, Hermann Baïf, Jean Antoine de Bailey, Philip James Baillie, Grizel Baillie, Joanna Bainbridge, Beryl Baker, Augusta Braxton Baker, George Pierce Baker, Nicholson Baker, Ray Stannard Balan Balassi, Bálint Baldwin, James Arthur Baldwin, William Bale, John Balin and Balan ballad (literature) ballade Ballantine, James Ballantyne, R(obert) M(ichael) Ballard, J(ames) G(raham) Ballet Shoes Balmont, Konstantin Dmitrievich Balzac, Honoré de Balzac, Jean Louis Guez de Bancroft, Hubert Howe Bandello, Matteo Bang, Herman Joachim Bangs, John Kendrick Banim, John (1798–1842) and Michael (1796–1874) Banks, Iain Menzies Banks, Lynne Reid Bannatyne Club Banville, John Banville, Théodore Faullain de Baraka, (Imamu) Amiri Barash, Asher Barbaro, Ermolao (bishop of Verona) Barbaro, Ermolao (patriarch of Aquileia) Barbaro, Francesco Barbauld, Anna Laetitia Barbellion, W(ilhelm) N(ero) P(ilate) Barbey d'Aurevilly, Jules-Amedée Barbier, Henri-Auguste Barbour, John Barbu, Ion Barbusse, Henri Barclay, Alexander Barclay, John Baretti, Giuseppe Barham, Richard Harris Baring, Maurice Baring-Gould, Sabine Barker, Clive Barker, George Granville Barker, Pat(ricia Margaret) 'Barlaam and Josaphat' Barlow, Joel Barnes, Barnabe Barnes, Djuna Chappell Barnes, Julian (Patrick) Barnes, William Barnfield, Richard Baroja, Pio Barrès, (Auguste-)Maurice Barrett Browning, Elizabeth Barrington, Jonah Barry, Sebastian Barstow, Stan Bartas, Guillaume de Saluste du Barth, John Simmons Barthelme, Donald Barthes, Roland Bartlett, John Bartoli, Adolfo Bartoli, Daniello Barudi, Mahmud Sami al- Bashkirtseff, Marie Basho Bassus Caesius Bataille, Georges Bataille, Henri Bates, H(erbert) E(rnest) Bates, Katherine Lee Baudelaire, Charles Pierre Baum, L(yman) Frank Bawden, Nina Mary Baxter, James Keir Bay Psalm Book Bazin, René-François-Nicolas-Marie Beach, Moses Yale Beach, Rex Ellingwood Beach, Sylvia Woodbridge Beadle, Erastus Flavel Beat Generation Beattie, James 'Beauty and the Beast' Beauvoir, Simone de Beccadelli, Antonio Beccaria, Antonio Becher, Johannes R Beckford, William (Thomas) Beddoes, Thomas Lovell Bedny, Demian Beecher, Harriet Beeding, Francis Beer, Patricia Beerbohm, (Henry) Max(imilian) Beets, Nikolaas Behan, Brendan Francis Behn, Aphra Beith, John Hay Bekker, Elizabeth Belgian literature Belinski, Vissarion Grigorievich Bell, John Joy Bell, Sam Hanna Bellamy, Edward Belleau, Rémy Belleforest, François de Belli, Giuseppe Giocchomo Bellman, Carl Michael Bello, Andrés Belloc, (Joseph) Hilaire (René Pierre) Belloc Lowndes, Marie Adelaide Bellow, Saul Bely, Andrei Bembo, Pietro Bemelmans, Ludwig Benchley, Robert Charles Benda, Julien Benét, Stephen Vincent Benivieni, Girolamo Benn, Gottfried Bennett, (Enoch) Arnold Bennett, James Gordon Benoit de Sainte-Maure Benson, Arthur Christopher Benson, E(dward) F(rederic) Benson, Robert Hugh Benson, Stella Bentley, Edmund Clerihew Bentley, Phyllis Eleanor Beowulf Béranger, Pierre Jean de Berceo, Gonzalo de Bérenger de la Tour Beresford, John Davys Bergengruen, Werner Berger, John Peter Berger, Thomas Louis Bergman, Hjalmar Bergson, Henri Louis Bernanos, Georges Bernard, Tristan (Paul) Bernard de Ventadour Bernardin de Saint-Pierre, Jacques-Henri Berners, Juliana Berni, Francesco Bernstein, Herman Beroaldo, Filippo the Elder Beroaldo, Filippo the Younger Berry, James Berry, Mary Berry, Wendell (Erdman) Berryman, John Bersuire, Pierre Bertaut, Jean Bertrand, Jacques-Louis-Napoleon Besant, Walter bestiary best-seller Betjeman, John Betrothed, The Betti, Ugo Bevis of Hampton Bialik, Chaim Nachman Bianco, Margery Bichsel, Peter Bielski, Martin Bierce, Ambrose Gwinnett Biggers, Earl Derr Biggles Bilderdijk, Willem Billings, Josh Billy Bunter Binchy, Maeve Bingham, Millicent (Todd) Binyon, (Robert) Laurence biography Bion Biondi, Gian Francesco Bird, Robert Montgomery Birmingham, George A Birney, (Alfred) Earle Bishop, Elizabeth Bishop, John Peale Bisticci, Vespasiano da Bjørnson, Bjørnstjerne Martinius Black, William Black Beauty Black Boy Blacklock, Thomas Blackmore, R(ichard) D(oddridge) Blackmore, Richard Black Mountain poets Blackmur, R(ichard) P(almer) Blackwood, Algernon (Henry) Blaga, Lucian Blair, Robert (poet) Blake, George (writer) Blake, William Blanchard,