Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research University Es-Senia, Oran Faculty of Letters, LANGUAGES and Arts Department of Anglo-SAXON LANGUAGES A memoire submitted to the university of Oran in candidacy for the degree of magister in sociolinguistics. Aspects of code switching, code mixing and borrowing used by the older generations in Tiaret. Submitted by: Supervised by: Belarbi Khaled Dr Benhattab Abdelkader Lotfi Members of the jury Dr Lakhdar Barka Férida M.C.A Présidente Université d’Oran Dr Benhattab Abdelkader Lotfi M.C.A Rapporteur Université d’Oran Dr Belkhenchir Khadoudja M.C.A Examinatrice Université d’Oran Academic Year 2012/2013 ﺑﺴﻢ اﷲ اﻟﺮﺣﻤﻦ اﻟﺮ ﺣﻴﻢ "وﻣﻦ آﻳﺎﺗﻪ ﺧﻠﻖ اﻟﺴﻤﺎوات و اﻷر ض واﺧﺘﻼ ف أﻟﺴﻨﺘﻜﻢ و أﻟﻮاﻧﻜﻢ إن ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ ﻵﻳﺎت ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﻦ." {22} اﻵﻳﺔ {22} ﻣﻦ ﺳﻮرة اﻟﺮوم In the name of Allah the merciful the beneficent “And among his signs is the creation of the heavens and the earth as well as diversity in your tongues and colours verily, these are the signs for those who know” (Quran, ar-Roum, 22) Dedications I would like to dedicate this humble work: - First to my lovely parents who supported me along my life and provided me with love and affection. - To my brothers Tayeb, Adda and Mohamed. - To my sisters Meriem, Hadjira and Sarah. - To my uncles and aunts. - To my cousins Rania, Soumia, Mouna and Nihel. - To my friends chakib, Ali Sidamor, Ali Berrabah, Abi bakr Guessas, kamel Mohamed, Djilali and Abderrahmene. - To all the teachers of the English department especially Dr Benali, Pr Bouhadiba, Dr Lakhdar barka, Dr Benhattab, Miss Ghlamallah and Mrs Zitouni. - To all my colleagues at the new secondary school of Sonatiba especially Miss Neggar and the headmistress Madame Sassi Djamila. Acknowledgement - This magister thesis is the culmination of a research project and it represents the fruit of the help of many people whom I wish to thank here. - I am particularly indebted to my supervisor Dr Benali for his constant guidance and help. I am really grateful to him from the deepest point in my heart. - I am also very grateful to my second supervisor Dr Benhattab who helped me so much at the end of my work with his guidance and continuous support and advice. - Special thanks go to the Magister Staff members especially Pr Bouhadiba, Dr Benali, Dr Lakhdar Barka Férida, Dr Benhattab, Misses Zitoun and Miss Ghlamallah. I am very proud to be one of their students. - I am also grateful to the library staff especially madame Hasnia and safa and others. - This humble work is dedicated to the memory of Bouamrane Ali, 1944– 2011, linguist, scholar, teacher, colleague, mentor and friend.May Allah bless his soul and dwell him in his vast paradise TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements.....................................................................................................I Dedications................................................................................................................II Contents....................................................................................................................III Abstract....................................................................................................................VI General introduction...............................................................................................VII Chapter one: A Brief Examination of The Sociolinguistic Situation in Algeria 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Presentation of the Country ........................................................................................................... 2 1.2. Algeria through History................................................................................................................. 3 1.3. The Arab Conquest........................................................................................................................ 6 1.3.1. The Fatimid Dynasty (909-1171)................................................................................................ 7 1.3.2. The Almoravid Dynasty (1042-1147) ......................................................................................... 7 1.3.3. The Almohad Dynasty (1123-1269)............................................................................................ 8 1.4. The Spanish Presence in Algeria ....................................................................................................... 9 1.5. The Turkish Presence in Algeria...................................................................................................... 10 1.6. The French Invasion of Algeria....................................................................................................... 10 1.7. The Post Colonial Era ..................................................................................................................... 12 1.7.1 Algeria during the 1990s ........................................................................................................... 14 1.8. Languages Present in Algeria .......................................................................................................... 16 1.8.1. Classical Arabic ....................................................................................................................... 16 1.8.2. French...................................................................................................................................... 17 1.8.3. Algerian Arabic........................................................................................................................ 17 1.8.4. Berber ...................................................................................................................................... 18 1.8.5. English..................................................................................................................................... 19 1.9. Bilingualism and Diglossia.............................................................................................................. 19 1.9.1 Bilingualism.............................................................................................................................. 20 1.9.1.1. Types of Bilingualism............................................................................................................ 21 1.9.1.1.1. Compound, Coordinate and Sub-coordinate Bilingualism.................................................... 21 1.9.1.1.2. Individual versus Societal Bilingualism .............................................................................. 21 1.9.1.1.3. Balanced versus Dominant Bilinguals................................................................................. 22 1.9.1.1.4. Receptive versus Productive Bilingualism........................................................................... 22 1.9.1.1.5. Additive versus Subtractive Bilingualism............................................................................ 22 1.9.1.1.6. Simultaneous versus Successive Bilingualism..................................................................... 22 1.9.1.1.7. Natural versus Secondary Bilingualism............................................................................... 23 1.9.1.2. Bilingualism in Algeria.......................................................................................................... 23 1.9.2. Diglossia .................................................................................................................................. 24 1.10. Conclusion.................................................................................................................................... 27 Notes to chapter one……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………….29 Chapter two: Review of The Literature 2. Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 30 2.1. The Emergence of the Study of Code Switching .......................................................................... 31 2.2. The Sociolinguistic vision of Code Switching.............................................................................. 34 2.2.1. Situational Code Switching....................................................................................................... 36 2.2.2. Metaphorical Code Switching................................................................................................... 36 2.3. The Grammatical Issues of Code Switching................................................................................. 37 2.3.1. Poplack’s Constraints on Code Switching................................................................................. 38 2.3.1.1. The Equivalence Constraint (EC)........................................................................................... 38 2.3.1.2. The Free Morpheme Constraint (FMC).................................................................................. 39 2.3.2. The Government Binding Constraint ........................................................................................ 40 2.3.3. The Matrix Language Frame (MLF model)............................................................................... 41 2.3.3.1. The Morpheme Order Principle ............................................................................................. 42 2.3.3.2. The System Morpheme Principle ..........................................................................................